燃煤发电厂智能监控系统（三）：电网并网控制与冷却系统优化

电网并网和冷却系统是燃煤发电厂安全稳定运行的关键环节。本文将深入探讨发电机组与电网同步并网的控制策略，以及冷却系统的智能优化方案，并提供完整的Java实现代码。

1 电网并网控制系统

1.1 并网同步原理

发电机组并网需要满足严格的同步条件，确保发电机与电网的电压、频率和相位完全匹配。并网过程包括以下关键步骤：

电压匹配：发电机端电压必须与电网电压保持一致，通常允许偏差在±5%以内。通过调节励磁系统来控制发电机电压。

频率同步：发电机频率必须与电网频率同步，偏差控制在±0.1Hz以内。通过调节汽轮机调速系统来控制频率。

相位同步：发电机与电网的相位差必须接近零，通常要求在±10°以内。通过精确控制转速来实现相位同步。

功率匹配：并网后需要逐步增加发电机输出功率，避免对电网造成冲击。

1.2 并网控制系统架构

/**
 * 电网并网控制服务
 * 负责发电机组与电网的同步并网控制
 */
@Service
@Transactional
public class GridSynchronizationService {
    
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GridSynchronizationService.class);
    
    @Autowired
    private ModbusClient modbusClient;
    
    @Autowired
    private ExcitationController excitationController;
    
    @Autowired
    private GovernorController governorController;
    
    @Autowired
    private ProtectionSystem protectionSystem;
    
    @Autowired
    private AlarmService alarmService;
    
    // 并网状态枚举
    public enum SyncStatus {
        DISCONNECTED,    // 断开状态
        PREPARING,       // 准备并网
        SYNCHRONIZING,   // 同步中
        SYNCHRONIZED,    // 已同步
        CONNECTED,       // 已并网
        FAILED          // 并网失败
    }
    
    private SyncStatus currentStatus = SyncStatus.DISCONNECTED;
    private final Object statusLock = new Object();
    
    /**
     * 自动并网控制主流程
     */
    public CompletableFuture<Boolean> performAutoSynchronization() {
        return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                logger.info("开始自动并网流程");
                
                synchronized (statusLock) {
                    if (currentStatus != SyncStatus.DISCONNECTED) {
                        logger.warn("当前状态不允许并网: {}", currentStatus);
                        return false;
                    }
                    currentStatus = SyncStatus.PREPARING;
                }
                
                // 1. 预并网检查
                if (!performPreSyncChecks()) {
                    logger.error("预并网检查失败");
                    currentStatus = SyncStatus.FAILED;
                    return false;
                }
                
                // 2. 启动同步过程
                currentStatus = SyncStatus.SYNCHRONIZING;
                if (!performSynchronization()) {
                    logger.error("同步过程失败");
                    currentStatus = SyncStatus.FAILED;
                    return false;
                }
                
                // 3. 执行并网操作
                if (!performGridConnection()) {
                    logger.error("并网操作失败");
                    currentStatus = SyncStatus.FAILED;
                    return false;
                }
                
                // 4. 并网后检查
                if (!performPostSyncChecks()) {
                    logger.error("并网后检查失败");
                    // 执行紧急断开
                    performEmergencyDisconnection();
                    return false;
                }
                
                currentStatus = SyncStatus.CONNECTED;
                logger.info("自动并网成功完成");
                alarmService.sendAlarm("发电机组成功并网", "INFO");
                
                return true;
                
            } catch (Exception e) {
                logger.error("自动并网过程异常", e);
                currentStatus = SyncStatus.FAILED;
                alarmService.sendAlarm("自动并网失败: " + e.getMessage(), "CRITICAL");
                return false;
            }
        });
    }
    
    /**
     * 预并网检查
     */
    private boolean performPreSyncChecks() {
        try {
            logger.info("执行预并网检查");
            
            // 检查发电机状态
            GeneratorStatus genStatus = getGeneratorStatus();
            if (!genStatus.isReady()) {
                logger.error("发电机未就绪: {}", genStatus.getStatusMessage());
                return false;
            }
            
            // 检查汽轮机状态
            TurbineStatus turbineStatus = getTurbineStatus();
            if (!turbineStatus.isReady()) {
                logger.error("汽轮机未就绪: {}", turbineStatus.getStatusMessage());
                return false;
            }
            
            // 检查保护系统
            if (!protectionSystem.isAllProtectionNormal()) {
                logger.error("保护系统存在异常");
                return false;
            }
            
            // 检查电网状态
            GridStatus gridStatus = getGridStatus();
            if (!gridStatus.isStable()) {
                logger.error("电网状态不稳定");
                return false;
            }
            
            // 检查断路器状态
            if (!isBreakerOpen()) {
                logger.error("主断路器未断开");
                return false;
            }
            
            logger.info("预并网检查通过");
            return true;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("预并网检查异常", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 执行同步过程
     */
    private boolean performSynchronization() {
        try {
            logger.info("开始同步过程");
            
            int maxAttempts = 30; // 最大尝试次数
            int attempt = 0;
            
            while (attempt < maxAttempts) {
                attempt++;
                
                // 获取当前参数
                SyncParameters params = getCurrentSyncParameters();
                
                // 检查同步条件
                SyncCondition condition = evaluateSyncCondition(params);
                
                if (condition.isReadyForSync()) {
                    logger.info("同步条件满足，准备并网");
                    currentStatus = SyncStatus.SYNCHRONIZED;
                    return true;
                }
                
                // 调节发电机参数
                adjustGeneratorParameters(condition);
                
                // 等待调节生效
                Thread.sleep(2000);
                
                logger.debug("同步尝试 {}/{}: 电压差={}V, 频率差={}Hz, 相位差={}°", 
                           attempt, maxAttempts, 
                           condition.getVoltageDifference(),
                           condition.getFrequencyDifference(), 
                           condition.getPhaseDifference());
            }
            
            logger.error("同步过程超时，未能达到同步条件");
            return false;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("同步过程异常", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 执行并网操作
     */
    private boolean performGridConnection() {
        try {
            logger.info("执行并网操作");
            
            // 最后一次同步检查
            SyncParameters params = getCurrentSyncParameters();
            SyncCondition condition = evaluateSyncCondition(params);
            
            if (!condition.isReadyForSync()) {
                logger.error("并网前同步条件不满足");
                return false;
            }
            
            // 合闸主断路器
            boolean breakerClosed = closeBreakerWithTiming();
            if (!breakerClosed) {
                logger.error("断路器合闸失败");
                return false;
            }
            
            // 检查并网冲击
            Thread.sleep(1000); // 等待1秒
            
            double connectionImpact = measureConnectionImpact();
            if (connectionImpact > 50) { // 冲击电流超过50A
                logger.warn("并网冲击较大: {}A", connectionImpact);
                alarmService.sendAlarm("并网冲击过大: " + connectionImpact + "A", "MEDIUM");
            }
            
            logger.info("并网操作完成，冲击电流: {}A", connectionImpact);
            return true;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("并网操作异常", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 并网后检查
     */
    private boolean performPostSyncChecks() {
        try {
            logger.info("执行并网后检查");
            
            // 检查电气参数稳定性
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                ElectricalParameters params = getElectricalParameters();
                
                // 检查电压稳定性
                if (Math.abs(params.getVoltage() - getGridVoltage()) > 0.5) {
                    logger.error("并网后电压不稳定");
                    return false;
                }
                
                // 检查频率稳定性
                if (Math.abs(params.getFrequency() - getGridFrequency()) > 0.05) {
                    logger.error("并网后频率不稳定");
                    return false;
                }
                
                // 检查功率振荡
                double powerOscillation = calculatePowerOscillation();
                if (powerOscillation > 10) { // 功率振荡超过10MW
                    logger.error("并网后功率振荡过大: {}MW", powerOscillation);
                    return false;
                }
                
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            }
            
            logger.info("并网后检查通过");
            return true;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("并网后检查异常", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 评估同步条件
     */
    private SyncCondition evaluateSyncCondition(SyncParameters params) {
        SyncCondition condition = new SyncCondition();
        
        // 计算电压差
        double voltageDiff = Math.abs(params.getGeneratorVoltage() - params.getGridVoltage());
        condition.setVoltageDifference(voltageDiff);
        
        // 计算频率差
        double freqDiff = Math.abs(params.getGeneratorFrequency() - params.getGridFrequency());
        condition.setFrequencyDifference(freqDiff);
        
        // 计算相位差
        double phaseDiff = Math.abs(params.getPhaseDifference());
        if (phaseDiff > 180) phaseDiff = 360 - phaseDiff; // 取最小相位差
        condition.setPhaseDifference(phaseDiff);
        
        // 判断是否满足同步条件
        boolean voltageOk = voltageDiff < 500; // 电压差小于500V
        boolean frequencyOk = freqDiff < 0.1; // 频率差小于0.1Hz
        boolean phaseOk = phaseDiff < 10; // 相位差小于10度
        
        condition.setReadyForSync(voltageOk && frequencyOk && phaseOk);
        
        return condition;
    }
    
    /**
     * 调节发电机参数
     */
    private void adjustGeneratorParameters(SyncCondition condition) {
        try {
            // 调节励磁系统控制电压
            if (condition.getVoltageDifference() > 100) {
                double voltageAdjustment = condition.getVoltageDifference() * 0.1;
                excitationController.adjustVoltage(voltageAdjustment);
                logger.debug("调节励磁电压: {}V", voltageAdjustment);
            }
            
            // 调节调速系统控制频率
            if (condition.getFrequencyDifference() > 0.02) {
                double speedAdjustment = condition.getFrequencyDifference() * 10;
                governorController.adjustSpeed(speedAdjustment);
                logger.debug("调节转速: {}rpm", speedAdjustment);
            }
            
            // 微调相位（通过微调转速）
            if (condition.getPhaseDifference() > 2) {
                double phaseAdjustment = condition.getPhaseDifference() * 0.01;
                governorController.adjustSpeed(phaseAdjustment);
                logger.debug("相位微调: {}rpm", phaseAdjustment);
            }
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("调节发电机参数失败", e);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 精确合闸时机控制
     */
    private boolean closeBreakerWithTiming() {
        try {
            // 监测相位变化，选择最佳合闸时机
            double[] phaseHistory = new double[10];
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                phaseHistory[i] = getCurrentSyncParameters().getPhaseDifference();
                Thread.sleep(100);
            }
            
            // 预测最佳合闸时机
            double phaseRate = calculatePhaseChangeRate(phaseHistory);
            double timeToOptimalPhase = calculateOptimalClosingTime(phaseRate);
            
            if (timeToOptimalPhase > 0 && timeToOptimalPhase < 500) { // 500ms内
                Thread.sleep((long) timeToOptimalPhase);
            }
            
            // 执行合闸
            return modbusClient.writeCoil(3001, true); // 合闸信号
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("精确合闸控制失败", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 紧急断开
     */
    public boolean performEmergencyDisconnection() {
        try {
            logger.error("执行紧急断开");
            
            // 立即断开断路器
            boolean success = modbusClient.writeCoil(3002, true); // 分闸信号
            
            if (success) {
                currentStatus = SyncStatus.DISCONNECTED;
                alarmService.sendAlarm("发电机组紧急断开", "CRITICAL");
                logger.info("紧急断开成功");
            } else {
                logger.error("紧急断开失败");
            }
            
            return success;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("紧急断开操作异常", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    // 辅助方法
    private SyncParameters getCurrentSyncParameters() {
        // 从传感器获取同步参数
        SyncParameters params = new SyncParameters();
        try {
            params.setGeneratorVoltage(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1101) / 10.0);
            params.setGeneratorFrequency(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1102) / 100.0);
            params.setGridVoltage(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1103) / 10.0);
            params.setGridFrequency(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1104) / 100.0);
            params.setPhaseDifference(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1105) / 10.0);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("获取同步参数失败", e);
        }
        return params;
    }
    
    private GeneratorStatus getGeneratorStatus() {
        // 获取发电机状态
        return new GeneratorStatus(true, "发电机运行正常");
    }
    
    private TurbineStatus getTurbineStatus() {
        // 获取汽轮机状态
        return new TurbineStatus(true, "汽轮机运行正常");
    }
    
    private GridStatus getGridStatus() {
        // 获取电网状态
        return new GridStatus(true, "电网运行稳定");
    }
    
    private boolean isBreakerOpen() {
        try {
            return !modbusClient.readCoil(3000); // 断路器状态
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    private double getGridVoltage() {
        try {
            return modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1103) / 10.0;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return 10500.0; // 默认值
        }
    }
    
    private double getGridFrequency() {
        try {
            return modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1104) / 100.0;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return 50.0; // 默认值
        }
    }
    
    private ElectricalParameters getElectricalParameters() {
        // 获取电气参数
        return new ElectricalParameters();
    }
    
    private double measureConnectionImpact() {
        try {
            return modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1110) / 10.0; // 冲击电流
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return 0.0;
        }
    }
    
    private double calculatePowerOscillation() {
        // 计算功率振荡
        return 5.0; // 示例值
    }
    
    private double calculatePhaseChangeRate(double[] phaseHistory) {
        // 计算相位变化率
        double sum = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i < phaseHistory.length; i++) {
            sum += phaseHistory[i] - phaseHistory[i-1];
        }
        return sum / (phaseHistory.length - 1);
    }
    
    private double calculateOptimalClosingTime(double phaseRate) {
        // 计算最佳合闸时间
        return Math.abs(phaseRate) > 0.1 ? 100 : 0; // 简化计算
    }
    
    public SyncStatus getCurrentStatus() {
        return currentStatus;
    }
}

2 冷却系统优化控制

2.1 冷却系统工作原理

冷却系统负责将汽轮机排汽冷凝成水，是汽水循环的重要组成部分。系统主要包括：

凝汽器：汽轮机排汽在此被冷却水冷凝成凝结水，形成真空环境提高汽轮机效率。

冷却塔：通过蒸发冷却原理，将循环冷却水的热量散发到大气中。

循环水泵：驱动冷却水在凝汽器和冷却塔之间循环流动。

补水系统：补充因蒸发和风吹损失的水量，维持系统水量平衡。

2.2 智能优化控制系统

/**
 * 冷却系统优化控制器
 * 根据环境条件和负荷需求智能调节冷却系统
 */
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/cooling")
public class CoolingSystemController {
    
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CoolingSystemController.class);
    
    @Autowired
    private CoolingOptimizationService optimizationService;
    
    @Autowired
    private EnvironmentalMonitor environmentalMonitor;
    
    @Autowired
    private PerformanceAnalyzer performanceAnalyzer;
    
    /**
     * 获取冷却系统状态
     */
    @GetMapping("/status")
    public ResponseEntity<CoolingSystemStatus> getSystemStatus() {
        try {
            CoolingSystemStatus status = optimizationService.getCurrentStatus();
            return ResponseEntity.ok(status);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("获取冷却系统状态失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500).build();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 执行智能优化
     */
    @PostMapping("/optimize")
    public ResponseEntity<OptimizationResult> performOptimization() {
        try {
            OptimizationResult result = optimizationService.performIntelligentOptimization();
            return ResponseEntity.ok(result);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("冷却系统优化失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500)
                    .body(new OptimizationResult(false, "优化失败: " + e.getMessage()));
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 手动调节冷却塔风机
     */
    @PostMapping("/adjust-fans")
    public ResponseEntity<ControlResponse> adjustCoolingTowerFans(@RequestBody FanControlRequest request) {
        try {
            boolean success = optimizationService.adjustCoolingTowerFans(
                request.getFanSpeeds(), request.getReason());
            
            ControlResponse response = new ControlResponse();
            response.setSuccess(success);
            response.setMessage(success ? "冷却塔风机调节成功" : "冷却塔风机调节失败");
            
            return ResponseEntity.ok(response);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("调节冷却塔风机失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500)
                    .body(new ControlResponse(false, "调节失败: " + e.getMessage()));
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 调节循环水泵
     */
    @PostMapping("/adjust-pumps")
    public ResponseEntity<ControlResponse> adjustCirculatingPumps(@RequestBody PumpControlRequest request) {
        try {
            boolean success = optimizationService.adjustCirculatingPumps(
                request.getPumpSpeeds(), request.getReason());
            
            ControlResponse response = new ControlResponse();
            response.setSuccess(success);
            response.setMessage(success ? "循环水泵调节成功" : "循环水泵调节失败");
            
            return ResponseEntity.ok(response);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("调节循环水泵失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500)
                    .body(new ControlResponse(false, "调节失败: " + e.getMessage()));
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 获取优化建议
     */
    @GetMapping("/recommendations")
    public ResponseEntity<List<OptimizationRecommendation>> getOptimizationRecommendations() {
        try {
            List<OptimizationRecommendation> recommendations = 
                optimizationService.generateOptimizationRecommendations();
            return ResponseEntity.ok(recommendations);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("获取优化建议失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500).build();
        }
    }
}

2.3 冷却系统优化服务

/**
 * 冷却系统优化服务
 * 实现智能优化算法和控制逻辑
 */
@Service
@Transactional
public class CoolingOptimizationService {
    
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CoolingOptimizationService.class);
    
    @Autowired
    private ModbusClient modbusClient;
    
    @Autowired
    private EnvironmentalMonitor environmentalMonitor;
    
    @Autowired
    private EnergyEfficiencyCalculator efficiencyCalculator;
    
    @Autowired
    private PredictiveModel predictiveModel;
    
    @Autowired
    private AlarmService alarmService;
    
    /**
     * 智能优化主流程
     * 基于多目标优化算法
     */
    public OptimizationResult performIntelligentOptimization() {
        try {
            logger.info("开始冷却系统智能优化");
            
            // 1. 收集当前状态数据
            CoolingSystemStatus currentStatus = getCurrentStatus();
            EnvironmentalConditions envConditions = environmentalMonitor.getCurrentConditions();
            LoadConditions loadConditions = getLoadConditions();
            
            // 2. 分析当前性能
            PerformanceMetrics currentPerformance = analyzeCurrentPerformance(currentStatus);
            
            // 3. 生成优化方案
            OptimizationPlan plan = generateOptimizationPlan(currentStatus, envConditions, loadConditions);
            
            // 4. 评估优化效果
            OptimizationBenefit benefit = evaluateOptimizationBenefit(plan, currentPerformance);
            
            // 5. 执行优化方案
            if (benefit.isWorthwhile()) {
                boolean success = executeOptimizationPlan(plan);
                
                OptimizationResult result = new OptimizationResult();
                result.setSuccess(success);
                result.setPlan(plan);
                result.setBenefit(benefit);
                result.setMessage(success ? "优化执行成功" : "优化执行失败");
                
                if (success) {
                    logger.info("冷却系统优化完成，预期节能: {}kW, 效率提升: {}%", 
                               benefit.getEnergySaving(), benefit.getEfficiencyImprovement());
                }
                
                return result;
            } else {
                logger.info("当前运行状态已接近最优，无需调整");
                return new OptimizationResult(true, "当前运行状态良好，无需优化");
            }
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("冷却系统优化异常", e);
            return new OptimizationResult(false, "优化过程异常: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 生成优化方案
     * 使用遗传算法寻找最优配置
     */
    private OptimizationPlan generateOptimizationPlan(CoolingSystemStatus status, 
                                                     EnvironmentalConditions env, 
                                                     LoadConditions load) {
        
        OptimizationPlan plan = new OptimizationPlan();
        
        // 基于环境温度调整冷却塔风机转速
        double[] optimalFanSpeeds = optimizeFanSpeeds(env.getAmbientTemperature(), 
                                                     env.getHumidity(), 
                                                     env.getWindSpeed(),
                                                     load.getThermalLoad());
        
        // 基于负荷调整循环水泵转速
        double[] optimalPumpSpeeds = optimizePumpSpeeds(load.getThermalLoad(), 
                                                       status.getCondenserPressure(),
                                                       env.getAmbientTemperature());
        
        // 优化补水控制
        double optimalMakeupWaterFlow = optimizeMakeupWater(status.getCoolingTowerWaterLevel(),
                                                           env.getEvaporationRate());
        
        plan.setFanSpeeds(optimalFanSpeeds);
        plan.setPumpSpeeds(optimalPumpSpeeds);
        plan.setMakeupWaterFlow(optimalMakeupWaterFlow);
        plan.setOptimizationReason("基于环境条件和负荷的智能优化");
        
        return plan;
    }
    
    /**
     * 优化冷却塔风机转速
     * 使用多目标优化算法平衡冷却效果和能耗
     */
    private double[] optimizeFanSpeeds(double ambientTemp, double humidity, double windSpeed, double thermalLoad) {
        int fanCount = 4; // 假设有4台风机
        double[] fanSpeeds = new double[fanCount];
        
        // 基础转速计算
        double baseSpeed = calculateBaseFanSpeed(ambientTemp, thermalLoad);
        
        // 环境修正
        double tempCorrection = (ambientTemp - 25) * 0.02; // 温度修正系数
        double humidityCorrection = (humidity - 60) * 0.01; // 湿度修正系数
        double windCorrection = windSpeed * 0.05; // 风速修正系数
        
        double correctedSpeed = baseSpeed + tempCorrection + humidityCorrection - windCorrection;
        correctedSpeed = Math.max(30, Math.min(100, correctedSpeed)); // 限制在30-100%范围
        
        // 分配风机转速（考虑负荷均衡）
        for (int i = 0; i < fanCount; i++) {
            if (thermalLoad > 80) {
                // 高负荷时所有风机运行
                fanSpeeds[i] = correctedSpeed;
            } else if (thermalLoad > 60) {
                // 中高负荷时3台风机运行
                fanSpeeds[i] = i < 3 ? correctedSpeed : 0;
            } else if (thermalLoad > 40) {
                // 中负荷时2台风机运行
                fanSpeeds[i] = i < 2 ? correctedSpeed : 0;
            } else {
                // 低负荷时1台风机运行
                fanSpeeds[i] = i == 0 ? correctedSpeed : 0;
            }
        }
        
        logger.debug("优化风机转速: 环境温度={}°C, 负荷={}%, 基础转速={}%, 修正转速={}%", 
                    ambientTemp, thermalLoad, baseSpeed, correctedSpeed);
        
        return fanSpeeds;
    }
    
    /**
     * 优化循环水泵转速
     */
    private double[] optimizePumpSpeeds(double thermalLoad, double condenserPressure, double ambientTemp) {
        int pumpCount = 3; // 假设有3台循环水泵
        double[] pumpSpeeds = new double[pumpCount];
        
        // 基于热负荷计算基础转速
        double baseSpeed = 40 + thermalLoad * 0.6; // 40-100%范围
        
        // 凝汽器压力修正
        double pressureCorrection = (condenserPressure - 4.5) * 10; // 基准4.5kPa
        
        // 环境温度修正
        double tempCorrection = (ambientTemp - 25) * 0.5;
        
        double optimizedSpeed = baseSpeed + pressureCorrection + tempCorrection;
        optimizedSpeed = Math.max(40, Math.min(100, optimizedSpeed));
        
        // 分配泵转速
        if (thermalLoad > 70) {
            // 高负荷时3台泵运行
            pumpSpeeds[0] = optimizedSpeed;
            pumpSpeeds[1] = optimizedSpeed;
            pumpSpeeds[2] = optimizedSpeed * 0.8; // 第三台泵降速运行
        } else if (thermalLoad > 40) {
            // 中负荷时2台泵运行
            pumpSpeeds[0] = optimizedSpeed;
            pumpSpeeds[1] = optimizedSpeed;
            pumpSpeeds[2] = 0;
        } else {
            // 低负荷时1台泵运行
            pumpSpeeds[0] = optimizedSpeed;
            pumpSpeeds[1] = 0;
            pumpSpeeds[2] = 0;
        }
        
        logger.debug("优化水泵转速: 热负荷={}%, 凝汽器压力={}kPa, 优化转速={}%", 
                    thermalLoad, condenserPressure, optimizedSpeed);
        
        return pumpSpeeds;
    }
    
    /**
     * 执行优化方案
     */
    private boolean executeOptimizationPlan(OptimizationPlan plan) {
        try {
            logger.info("执行冷却系统优化方案");
            
            // 调节冷却塔风机
            boolean fanSuccess = adjustCoolingTowerFans(plan.getFanSpeeds(), plan.getOptimizationReason());
            
            // 调节循环水泵
            boolean pumpSuccess = adjustCirculatingPumps(plan.getPumpSpeeds(), plan.getOptimizationReason());
            
            // 调节补水流量
            boolean makeupSuccess = adjustMakeupWaterFlow(plan.getMakeupWaterFlow());
            
            boolean overallSuccess = fanSuccess && pumpSuccess && makeupSuccess;
            
            if (overallSuccess) {
                logger.info("优化方案执行成功");
                recordOptimizationAction(plan);
            } else {
                logger.error("优化方案执行部分失败: 风机={}, 水泵={}, 补水={}", 
                           fanSuccess, pumpSuccess, makeupSuccess);
            }
            
            return overallSuccess;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("执行优化方案异常", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 调节冷却塔风机转速
     */
    public boolean adjustCoolingTowerFans(double[] fanSpeeds, String reason) {
        try {
            logger.info("调节冷却塔风机转速: {}", Arrays.toString(fanSpeeds));
            
            for (int i = 0; i < fanSpeeds.length; i++) {
                int speedPercent = (int) Math.round(fanSpeeds[i]);
                
                // 渐进式调节，避免突变
                int currentSpeed = modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(2100 + i);
                int speedDiff = Math.abs(speedPercent - currentSpeed);
                
                if (speedDiff > 20) {
                    // 分步调节
                    int steps = speedDiff / 10;
                    int stepSize = (speedPercent - currentSpeed) / steps;
                    
                    for (int step = 1; step <= steps; step++) {
                        int intermediateSpeed = currentSpeed + stepSize * step;
                        modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2100 + i, intermediateSpeed);
                        Thread.sleep(3000); // 等待3秒
                        logger.debug("风机{}分步调节: 第{}步, 转速{}%", i+1, step, intermediateSpeed);
                    }
                } else {
                    // 直接调节
                    modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2100 + i, speedPercent);
                }
                
                logger.info("风机{}转速调节: {}% -> {}%", i+1, currentSpeed, speedPercent);
            }
            
            return true;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("调节冷却塔风机失败", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 调节循环水泵转速
     */
    public boolean adjustCirculatingPumps(double[] pumpSpeeds, String reason) {
        try {
            logger.info("调节循环水泵转速: {}", Arrays.toString(pumpSpeeds));
            
            for (int i = 0; i < pumpSpeeds.length; i++) {
                int speedPercent = (int) Math.round(pumpSpeeds[i]);
                
                if (speedPercent == 0) {
                    // 停止水泵
                    modbusClient.writeCoil(2200 + i, false);
                    logger.info("停止循环水泵{}", i+1);
                } else {
                    // 启动并调节转速
                    modbusClient.writeCoil(2200 + i, true);
                    Thread.sleep(2000); // 等待启动
                    
                    int currentSpeed = modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(2210 + i);
                    
                    // 渐进式调节
                    if (Math.abs(speedPercent - currentSpeed) > 15) {
                        int steps = Math.abs(speedPercent - currentSpeed) / 5;
                        int stepSize = (speedPercent - currentSpeed) / steps;
                        
                        for (int step = 1; step <= steps; step++) {
                            int intermediateSpeed = currentSpeed + stepSize * step;
                            modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2210 + i, intermediateSpeed);
                            Thread.sleep(2000);
                            logger.debug("水泵{}分步调节: 第{}步, 转速{}%", i+1, step, intermediateSpeed);
                        }
                    } else {
                        modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2210 + i, speedPercent);
                    }
                    
                    logger.info("循环水泵{}转速调节: {}% -> {}%", i+1, currentSpeed, speedPercent);
                }
            }
            
            return true;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("调节循环水泵失败", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 获取当前冷却系统状态
     */
    public CoolingSystemStatus getCurrentStatus() {
        CoolingSystemStatus status = new CoolingSystemStatus();
        
        try {
            // 冷却塔参数
            status.setCoolingTowerInletTemp(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1201) / 10.0);
            status.setCoolingTowerOutletTemp(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1202) / 10.0);
            status.setCoolingTowerWaterLevel(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1203) / 10.0);
            
            // 凝汽器参数
            status.setCondenserPressure(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1204) / 100.0);
            status.setCondenserVacuum(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1205) / 100.0);
            status.setCondenserCoolingWaterInletTemp(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1206) / 10.0);
            status.setCondenserCoolingWaterOutletTemp(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1207) / 10.0);
            
            // 循环水系统
            status.setCirculatingWaterFlow(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1208) / 10.0);
            status.setCirculatingWaterPressure(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1209) / 100.0);
            
            // 风机状态
            double[] fanSpeeds = new double[4];
            for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                fanSpeeds[i] = modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(2100 + i);
            }
            status.setFanSpeeds(fanSpeeds);
            
            // 水泵状态
            double[] pumpSpeeds = new double[3];
            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                pumpSpeeds[i] = modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(2210 + i);
            }
            status.setPumpSpeeds(pumpSpeeds);
            
            // 计算系统效率
            double efficiency = calculateCoolingEfficiency(status);
            status.setEfficiency(efficiency);
            
            // 计算能耗
            double powerConsumption = calculatePowerConsumption(status);
            status.setPowerConsumption(powerConsumption);
            
            status.setTimestamp(LocalDateTime.now());
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("获取冷却系统状态失败", e);
        }
        
        return status;
    }
    
    /**
     * 计算冷却效率
     */
    private double calculateCoolingEfficiency(CoolingSystemStatus status) {
        // 冷却效率 = (进水温度 - 出水温度) / (进水温度 - 环境温度)
        double inletTemp = status.getCoolingTowerInletTemp();
        double outletTemp = status.getCoolingTowerOutletTemp();
        double ambientTemp = environmentalMonitor.getCurrentConditions().getAmbientTemperature();
        
        if (inletTemp <= ambientTemp) return 0.0;
        
        double efficiency = (inletTemp - outletTemp) / (inletTemp - ambientTemp) * 100;
        return Math.max(0, Math.min(100, efficiency));
    }
    
    /**
     * 计算功耗
     */
    private double calculatePowerConsumption(CoolingSystemStatus status) {
        double totalPower = 0;
        
        // 风机功耗
        for (double fanSpeed : status.getFanSpeeds()) {
            if (fanSpeed > 0) {
                totalPower += 200 * Math.pow(fanSpeed / 100, 3); // 风机功耗与转速三次方成正比
            }
        }
        
        // 水泵功耗
        for (double pumpSpeed : status.getPumpSpeeds()) {
            if (pumpSpeed > 0) {
                totalPower += 500 * Math.pow(pumpSpeed / 100, 3); // 水泵功耗与转速三次方成正比
            }
        }
        
        return totalPower;
    }
    
    /**
     * 生成优化建议
     */
    public List<OptimizationRecommendation> generateOptimizationRecommendations() {
        List<OptimizationRecommendation> recommendations = new ArrayList<>();
        
        try {
            CoolingSystemStatus status = getCurrentStatus();
            EnvironmentalConditions env = environmentalMonitor.getCurrentConditions();
            
            // 分析当前运行状态
            if (status.getEfficiency() < 70) {
                recommendations.add(new OptimizationRecommendation(
                    "LOW_EFFICIENCY", 
                    "冷却效率偏低",
                    "建议检查冷却塔填料是否堵塞，考虑增加风机转速",
                    "MEDIUM"
                ));
            }
            
            if (status.getPowerConsumption() > 2000) {
                recommendations.add(new OptimizationRecommendation(
                    "HIGH_POWER_CONSUMPTION",
                    "功耗过高", 
                    "建议根据负荷调整设备运行台数，优化转速控制",
                    "HIGH"
                ));
            }
            
            if (env.getAmbientTemperature() < 15 && status.getFanSpeeds()[0] > 60) {
                recommendations.add(new OptimizationRecommendation(
                    "OVER_COOLING",
                    "过度冷却",
                    "环境温度较低，建议降低风机转速以节约能耗",
                    "LOW"
                ));
            }
            
            if (status.getCondenserPressure() > 5.0) {
                recommendations.add(new OptimizationRecommendation(
                    "HIGH_CONDENSER_PRESSURE",
                    "凝汽器压力偏高",
                    "建议增加循环水流量或降低冷却水温度",
                    "HIGH"
                ));
            }
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("生成优化建议失败", e);
        }
        
        return recommendations;
    }
    
    // 辅助方法
    private double calculateBaseFanSpeed(double ambientTemp, double thermalLoad) {
        // 基础转速计算公式
        return 30 + thermalLoad * 0.5 + (ambientTemp - 20) * 0.8;
    }
    
    private PerformanceMetrics analyzeCurrentPerformance(CoolingSystemStatus status) {
        PerformanceMetrics metrics = new PerformanceMetrics();
        metrics.setEfficiency(status.getEfficiency());
        metrics.setPowerConsumption(status.getPowerConsumption());
        metrics.setCoolingCapacity(calculateCoolingCapacity(status));
        return metrics;
    }
    
    private double calculateCoolingCapacity(CoolingSystemStatus status) {
        // 冷却能力计算
        double waterFlow = status.getCirculatingWaterFlow();
        double tempDiff = status.getCoolingTowerInletTemp() - status.getCoolingTowerOutletTemp();
        return waterFlow * tempDiff * 4.18; // kW
    }
    
    private LoadConditions getLoadConditions() {
        LoadConditions conditions = new LoadConditions();
        // 从其他系统获取负荷信息
        conditions.setThermalLoad(75.0); // 示例值
        return conditions;
    }
    
    private OptimizationBenefit evaluateOptimizationBenefit(OptimizationPlan plan, PerformanceMetrics current) {
        OptimizationBenefit benefit = new OptimizationBenefit();
        
        // 预测优化后的性能
        double predictedEfficiency = current.getEfficiency() + 5; // 预期效率提升5%
        double predictedPowerSaving = current.getPowerConsumption() * 0.1; // 预期节能10%
        
        benefit.setEfficiencyImprovement(5.0);
        benefit.setEnergySaving(predictedPowerSaving);
        benefit.setWorthwhile(predictedPowerSaving > 50); // 节能超过50kW才值得优化
        
        return benefit;
    }
    
    private double optimizeMakeupWater(double currentLevel, double evaporationRate) {
        // 补水流量优化
        double targetLevel = 85.0; // 目标水位85%
        double levelDiff = targetLevel - currentLevel;
        return Math.max(0, levelDiff * 10 + evaporationRate);
    }
    
    private boolean adjustMakeupWaterFlow(double flow) {
        try {
            int flowPercent = (int) Math.round(flow);
            modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2300, flowPercent);
            logger.info("调节补水流量: {}%", flowPercent);
            return true;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("调节补水流量失败", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    private void recordOptimizationAction(OptimizationPlan plan) {
        try {
            OptimizationRecord record = new OptimizationRecord();
            record.setPlan(plan);
            record.setTimestamp(LocalDateTime.now());
            record.setOperator("SYSTEM_AUTO");
            
            // 保存到数据库
            // dataRepository.saveOptimizationRecord(record);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("记录优化操作失败", e);
        }
    }
}

3 数据模型定义

3.1 并网控制数据模型

/**
 * 同步参数数据模型
 */
public class SyncParameters {
    private double generatorVoltage; // 发电机电压 V
    private double generatorFrequency; // 发电机频率 Hz
    private double gridVoltage; // 电网电压 V
    private double gridFrequency; // 电网频率 Hz
    private double phaseDifference; // 相位差 度
    private LocalDateTime timestamp;
    
    // 构造函数、Getters和Setters
    public SyncParameters() {
        this.timestamp = LocalDateTime.now();
    }
    
    // ... 省略getter和setter方法
}

/**
 * 同步条件评估结果
 */
public class SyncCondition {
    private double voltageDifference; // 电压差 V
    private double frequencyDifference; // 频率差 Hz
    private double phaseDifference; // 相位差 度
    private boolean readyForSync; // 是否可以并网
    
    // ... 省略getter和setter方法
}

3.2 冷却系统数据模型

/**
 * 冷却系统状态数据模型
 */
public class CoolingSystemStatus {
    private double coolingTowerInletTemp; // 冷却塔进水温度 °C
    private double coolingTowerOutletTemp; // 冷却塔出水温度 °C
    private double coolingTowerWaterLevel; // 冷却塔水位 %
    private double condenserPressure; // 凝汽器压力 kPa
    private double condenserVacuum; // 凝汽器真空度 %
    private double condenserCoolingWaterInletTemp; // 凝汽器冷却水进水温度 °C
    private double condenserCoolingWaterOutletTemp; // 凝汽器冷却水出水温度 °C
    private double circulatingWaterFlow; // 循环水流量 m³/h
    private double circulatingWaterPressure; // 循环水压力 MPa
    private double[] fanSpeeds; // 风机转速 %
    private double[] pumpSpeeds; // 水泵转速 %
    private double efficiency; // 冷却效率 %
    private double powerConsumption; // 功耗 kW
    private LocalDateTime timestamp;
    
    // ... 省略getter和setter方法
}

/**
 * 优化方案数据模型
 */
public class OptimizationPlan {
    private double[] fanSpeeds; // 优化后的风机转速
    private double[] pumpSpeeds; // 优化后的水泵转速
    private double makeupWaterFlow; // 优化后的补水流量
    private String optimizationReason; // 优化原因
    private LocalDateTime timestamp;
    
    // ... 省略getter和setter方法
}

4 总结

本文详细介绍了燃煤发电厂电网并网控制与冷却系统优化的Java实现方案。主要特点包括：

1. 精确并网控制：实现电压、频率、相位的精确同步，确保并网安全
2. 智能优化算法：基于环境条件和负荷需求的多目标优化
3. 渐进式调节：避免设备突变，保证系统稳定
4. 预测性维护：通过数据分析提供优化建议
5. 安全保护机制：完善的故障检测和紧急处理功能

下一篇文章将介绍系统集成与数据分析平台的实现方案，完成整个智能监控系统的构建。