燃煤发电厂智能监控系统（二）：汽水系统智能控制与发电监测

汽水系统是燃煤发电厂的核心环节，负责将燃烧产生的热能转化为机械能，再通过发电机转化为电能。本文将深入探讨汽水循环系统的工作原理，并展示如何用Java开发智能控制和监测系统。

1 汽水系统工作原理

1.1 汽水循环过程

汽水系统采用朗肯循环原理，实现热能到机械能的转换。整个过程包括四个主要环节：

加热过程：给水首先进入省煤器预热，利用烟气余热提高水温，然后进入汽包。汽包是汽水分离的关键设备，维持稳定的水位和压力。

蒸发过程：水从汽包通过下降管进入水冷壁。水冷壁管道围绕炉膛布置，吸收燃烧产生的辐射热，将水加热至饱和温度并部分蒸发。

过热过程：饱和蒸汽从汽包进入过热器，进一步加热成为高温高压的过热蒸汽。过热蒸汽温度通常达到540°C，压力约13.7MPa。

做功过程：过热蒸汽推动汽轮机叶片旋转，将热能转化为机械能。做功后的乏汽进入凝汽器，被冷却水冷却成凝结水，重新进入循环。

1.2 关键控制参数

汽水系统的稳定运行需要精确控制多个关键参数：

• 汽包水位：维持在±50mm范围内，过高会影响汽水分离，过低会导致水冷壁缺水
• 蒸汽温度：控制在540±10°C，温度过高会损坏设备，过低会降低效率
• 蒸汽压力：维持在13.7±0.3MPa，压力波动会影响汽轮机稳定运行
• 给水流量：根据负荷变化自动调节，保证汽包水位稳定

2 汽水系统控制架构

2.1 系统设计架构

基于Spring Boot的汽水系统控制平台采用微服务架构：

/**
 * 汽水系统控制器
 * 提供RESTful API接口进行系统监控和控制
 */
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/steam-water")
@CrossOrigin(origins = "*")
public class SteamWaterController {
    
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SteamWaterController.class);
    
    @Autowired
    private SteamWaterService steamWaterService;
    
    @Autowired
    private PIDController waterLevelController;
    
    @Autowired
    private PIDController temperatureController;
    
    @Autowired
    private PIDController pressureController;
    
    /**
     * 获取汽水系统实时状态
     */
    @GetMapping("/status")
    public ResponseEntity<SteamWaterStatus> getSystemStatus() {
        try {
            SteamWaterStatus status = steamWaterService.getCurrentStatus();
            return ResponseEntity.ok(status);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("获取系统状态失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500).build();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 获取历史趋势数据
     */
    @GetMapping("/trends")
    public ResponseEntity<List<TrendData>> getTrendData(
            @RequestParam String parameter,
            @RequestParam @DateTimeFormat(iso = DateTimeFormat.ISO.DATE_TIME) LocalDateTime startTime,
            @RequestParam @DateTimeFormat(iso = DateTimeFormat.ISO.DATE_TIME) LocalDateTime endTime) {
        
        try {
            List<TrendData> trends = steamWaterService.getTrendData(parameter, startTime, endTime);
            return ResponseEntity.ok(trends);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("获取趋势数据失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500).build();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 调节给水流量
     * 根据汽包水位自动调节
     */
    @PostMapping("/adjust-feedwater")
    public ResponseEntity<ControlResponse> adjustFeedWater(@RequestBody FeedWaterRequest request) {
        try {
            // 获取当前汽包水位
            double currentLevel = steamWaterService.getDrumWaterLevel();
            double targetLevel = request.getTargetLevel();
            
            // 使用PID控制器计算调节量
            double adjustment = waterLevelController.calculate(targetLevel, currentLevel);
            
            // 执行调节操作
            boolean success = steamWaterService.adjustFeedWaterValve(adjustment);
            
            ControlResponse response = new ControlResponse();
            response.setSuccess(success);
            response.setMessage("给水流量调节完成，调节量: " + String.format("%.2f", adjustment) + "%");
            response.setCurrentValue(currentLevel);
            response.setTargetValue(targetLevel);
            
            return ResponseEntity.ok(response);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("给水流量调节失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500)
                    .body(new ControlResponse(false, "给水流量调节失败: " + e.getMessage()));
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 调节蒸汽温度
     * 通过调节减温水量控制过热蒸汽温度
     */
    @PostMapping("/adjust-temperature")
    public ResponseEntity<ControlResponse> adjustSteamTemperature(@RequestBody TemperatureRequest request) {
        try {
            double currentTemp = steamWaterService.getSteamTemperature();
            double targetTemp = request.getTargetTemperature();
            
            // PID控制计算
            double adjustment = temperatureController.calculate(targetTemp, currentTemp);
            
            // 调节减温水量
            boolean success = steamWaterService.adjustDesuperheaterSpray(adjustment);
            
            ControlResponse response = new ControlResponse();
            response.setSuccess(success);
            response.setMessage("蒸汽温度调节完成，当前温度: " + String.format("%.1f", currentTemp) + "°C");
            response.setCurrentValue(currentTemp);
            response.setTargetValue(targetTemp);
            
            return ResponseEntity.ok(response);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("蒸汽温度调节失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500)
                    .body(new ControlResponse(false, "蒸汽温度调节失败: " + e.getMessage()));
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 紧急停机操作
     */
    @PostMapping("/emergency-shutdown")
    public ResponseEntity<ControlResponse> emergencyShutdown(@RequestBody EmergencyRequest request) {
        try {
            logger.warn("执行紧急停机操作，原因: {}", request.getReason());
            
            boolean success = steamWaterService.performEmergencyShutdown(request.getReason());
            
            ControlResponse response = new ControlResponse();
            response.setSuccess(success);
            response.setMessage(success ? "紧急停机操作已执行" : "紧急停机操作失败");
            
            return ResponseEntity.ok(response);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("紧急停机操作失败", e);
            return ResponseEntity.status(500)
                    .body(new ControlResponse(false, "紧急停机操作失败: " + e.getMessage()));
        }
    }
}

2.2 汽水系统服务实现

/**
 * 汽水系统服务类
 * 处理具体的监控和控制逻辑
 */
@Service
@Transactional
public class SteamWaterService {
    
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SteamWaterService.class);
    
    @Autowired
    private ModbusClient modbusClient;
    
    @Autowired
    private DataRepository dataRepository;
    
    @Autowired
    private AlarmService alarmService;
    
    @Autowired
    private SafetyInterlockService safetyService;
    
    /**
     * 获取汽水系统当前状态
     */
    public SteamWaterStatus getCurrentStatus() {
        SteamWaterStatus status = new SteamWaterStatus();
        
        try {
            // 从Modbus设备读取各种传感器数据
            status.setDrumWaterLevel(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1001) / 100.0); // 汽包水位 mm
            status.setSteamTemperature(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1002) / 10.0); // 蒸汽温度 °C
            status.setSteamPressure(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1003) / 100.0); // 蒸汽压力 MPa
            status.setFeedWaterFlow(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1004) / 10.0); // 给水流量 t/h
            status.setFeedWaterTemperature(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1005) / 10.0); // 给水温度 °C
            status.setSteamFlow(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1006) / 10.0); // 蒸汽流量 t/h
            status.setEconomizerOutletTemp(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1007) / 10.0); // 省煤器出口温度
            status.setDesuperheaterSprayFlow(modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1008) / 10.0); // 减温水流量
            
            // 计算系统效率
            double efficiency = calculateSystemEfficiency(status);
            status.setEfficiency(efficiency);
            
            // 计算热平衡
            ThermalBalance balance = calculateThermalBalance(status);
            status.setThermalBalance(balance);
            
            // 检查运行状态
            status.setOperatingMode(determineOperatingMode(status));
            status.setHealthStatus(evaluateSystemHealth(status));
            
            logger.debug("汽水系统状态更新: {}", status);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("读取汽水系统状态失败", e);
            throw new RuntimeException("无法获取系统状态", e);
        }
        
        return status;
    }
    
    /**
     * 调节给水阀门开度
     */
    public boolean adjustFeedWaterValve(double adjustment) {
        try {
            // 安全检查
            if (!safetyService.canAdjustFeedWater()) {
                logger.warn("安全联锁阻止给水调节");
                return false;
            }
            
            // 获取当前阀门开度
            int currentOpening = modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(2001);
            
            // 计算新的开度值
            int newOpening = (int) Math.max(0, Math.min(100, currentOpening + adjustment));
            
            // 渐进式调节，避免大幅度变化
            if (Math.abs(adjustment) > 10) {
                // 分步调节
                int steps = (int) Math.ceil(Math.abs(adjustment) / 5);
                double stepAdjustment = adjustment / steps;
                
                for (int i = 0; i < steps; i++) {
                    int stepOpening = (int) (currentOpening + stepAdjustment * (i + 1));
                    stepOpening = Math.max(0, Math.min(100, stepOpening));
                    
                    modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2001, stepOpening);
                    Thread.sleep(2000); // 等待2秒
                    
                    logger.info("给水阀门分步调节: 第{}步, 开度: {}%", i + 1, stepOpening);
                }
            } else {
                // 直接调节
                modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2001, newOpening);
            }
            
            logger.info("给水阀门开度调节: {}% -> {}%", currentOpening, newOpening);
            
            // 记录操作历史
            recordControlAction("FEEDWATER_VALVE", currentOpening, newOpening, adjustment);
            
            return true;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("调节给水阀门失败", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 调节减温水喷水量
     * 用于控制过热蒸汽温度
     */
    public boolean adjustDesuperheaterSpray(double adjustment) {
        try {
            if (!safetyService.canAdjustDesuperheater()) {
                logger.warn("安全联锁阻止减温水调节");
                return false;
            }
            
            int currentFlow = modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(2002);
            int newFlow = (int) Math.max(0, Math.min(100, currentFlow + adjustment));
            
            modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2002, newFlow);
            
            logger.info("减温水流量调节: {}% -> {}%", currentFlow, newFlow);
            
            recordControlAction("DESUPERHEATER_SPRAY", currentFlow, newFlow, adjustment);
            
            return true;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("调节减温水失败", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 获取汽包水位
     */
    public double getDrumWaterLevel() {
        try {
            return modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1001) / 100.0;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("读取汽包水位失败", e);
            return 0.0;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 获取蒸汽温度
     */
    public double getSteamTemperature() {
        try {
            return modbusClient.readHoldingRegister(1002) / 10.0;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("读取蒸汽温度失败", e);
            return 0.0;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 获取趋势数据
     */
    public List<TrendData> getTrendData(String parameter, LocalDateTime startTime, LocalDateTime endTime) {
        try {
            return dataRepository.findTrendData(parameter, startTime, endTime);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("获取趋势数据失败", e);
            return new ArrayList<>();
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 执行紧急停机
     */
    public boolean performEmergencyShutdown(String reason) {
        try {
            logger.error("执行紧急停机: {}", reason);
            
            // 1. 关闭主蒸汽阀
            modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2010, 0);
            
            // 2. 停止给水泵
            modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2011, 0);
            
            // 3. 开启安全阀
            modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2012, 1);
            
            // 4. 启动应急冷却
            modbusClient.writeHoldingRegister(2013, 1);
            
            // 5. 发送紧急报警
            alarmService.sendAlarm("系统紧急停机: " + reason, "CRITICAL");
            
            // 6. 记录停机事件
            recordEmergencyEvent(reason);
            
            return true;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("紧急停机操作失败", e);
            return false;
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 计算系统效率
     */
    private double calculateSystemEfficiency(SteamWaterStatus status) {
        // 基于蒸汽参数计算热效率
        double baseEfficiency = 88.0;
        
        // 温度偏差影响
        double tempDeviation = Math.abs(status.getSteamTemperature() - 540) / 540;
        
        // 压力偏差影响
        double pressureDeviation = Math.abs(status.getSteamPressure() - 13.7) / 13.7;
        
        // 水位偏差影响
        double levelDeviation = Math.abs(status.getDrumWaterLevel()) / 100;
        
        return baseEfficiency * (1 - tempDeviation * 0.1 - pressureDeviation * 0.05 - levelDeviation * 0.02);
    }
    
    /**
     * 计算热平衡
     */
    private ThermalBalance calculateThermalBalance(SteamWaterStatus status) {
        ThermalBalance balance = new ThermalBalance();
        
        // 输入热量（简化计算）
        double inputHeat = status.getFeedWaterFlow() * 
                          (status.getSteamTemperature() - status.getFeedWaterTemperature()) * 4.18; // kJ/s
        
        // 输出热量
        double outputHeat = status.getSteamFlow() * 2800; // 假设蒸汽焓值2800 kJ/kg
        
        // 热损失
        double heatLoss = inputHeat - outputHeat;
        
        balance.setInputHeat(inputHeat);
        balance.setOutputHeat(outputHeat);
        balance.setHeatLoss(heatLoss);
        balance.setEfficiency(outputHeat / inputHeat * 100);
        
        return balance;
    }
    
    /**
     * 确定运行模式
     */
    private String determineOperatingMode(SteamWaterStatus status) {
        double steamFlow = status.getSteamFlow();
        
        if (steamFlow < 100) return "STARTUP";
        else if (steamFlow < 300) return "LOW_LOAD";
        else if (steamFlow < 500) return "MEDIUM_LOAD";
        else if (steamFlow < 700) return "HIGH_LOAD";
        else return "FULL_LOAD";
    }
    
    /**
     * 评估系统健康状态
     */
    private String evaluateSystemHealth(SteamWaterStatus status) {
        int healthScore = 100;
        
        // 检查各项参数
        if (Math.abs(status.getDrumWaterLevel()) > 30) healthScore -= 20;
        if (Math.abs(status.getSteamTemperature() - 540) > 15) healthScore -= 15;
        if (Math.abs(status.getSteamPressure() - 13.7) > 0.5) healthScore -= 15;
        if (status.getEfficiency() < 85) healthScore -= 10;
        
        if (healthScore >= 90) return "EXCELLENT";
        else if (healthScore >= 80) return "GOOD";
        else if (healthScore >= 70) return "FAIR";
        else if (healthScore >= 60) return "POOR";
        else return "CRITICAL";
    }
    
    /**
     * 记录控制操作
     */
    private void recordControlAction(String actionType, double oldValue, double newValue, double adjustment) {
        try {
            ControlAction action = new ControlAction();
            action.setActionType(actionType);
            action.setOldValue(oldValue);
            action.setNewValue(newValue);
            action.setAdjustment(adjustment);
            action.setTimestamp(LocalDateTime.now());
            action.setOperator("SYSTEM_AUTO");
            
            dataRepository.saveControlAction(action);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("记录控制操作失败", e);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 记录紧急事件
     */
    private void recordEmergencyEvent(String reason) {
        try {
            EmergencyEvent event = new EmergencyEvent();
            event.setReason(reason);
            event.setTimestamp(LocalDateTime.now());
            event.setSystemState("EMERGENCY_SHUTDOWN");
            
            dataRepository.saveEmergencyEvent(event);
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("记录紧急事件失败", e);
        }
    }
}

3 发电机组监测系统

3.1 发电机组状态监测

/**
 * 发电机组监测系统
 * 实时监控发电机和汽轮机的运行状态
 */
@Component
public class GeneratorMonitoringSystem {
    
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GeneratorMonitoringSystem.class);
    
    @Autowired
    private VibrationAnalyzer vibrationAnalyzer;
    
    @Autowired
    private TemperatureMonitor temperatureMonitor;
    
    @Autowired
    private ElectricalMonitor electricalMonitor;
    
    @Autowired
    private PerformanceAnalyzer performanceAnalyzer;
    
    /**
     * 监控发电机组机械状态
     * 包括转速、振动、轴承温度等
     */
    @Scheduled(fixedRate = 2000) // 每2秒检查一次
    public void monitorMechanicalStatus() {
        try {
            // 获取汽轮机转速
            double turbineSpeed = getTurbineSpeed();
            
            // 获取发电机转速
            double generatorSpeed = getGeneratorSpeed();
            
            // 检查转速同步性
            double speedDifference = Math.abs(turbineSpeed - generatorSpeed);
            if (speedDifference > 5) { // 转速差超过5rpm
                logger.warn("汽轮机与发电机转速不同步: 汽轮机{}rpm, 发电机{}rpm", 
                           turbineSpeed, generatorSpeed);
                alarmService.sendAlarm("转速不同步", "MEDIUM");
            }
            
            // 振动监测
            VibrationData vibration = vibrationAnalyzer.analyze();
            if (vibration.getAmplitude() > 50) { // 振动幅度超过50μm
                logger.error("设备振动异常: {}μm", vibration.getAmplitude());
                alarmService.sendAlarm("振动过大: " + vibration.getAmplitude() + "μm", "HIGH");
                
                // 分析振动频谱
                analyzeVibrationSpectrum(vibration);
            }
            
            // 轴承温度监测
            Map<String, Double> bearingTemps = temperatureMonitor.getAllBearingTemperatures();
            for (Map.Entry<String, Double> entry : bearingTemps.entrySet()) {
                String bearing = entry.getKey();
                Double temp = entry.getValue();
                
                if (temp > 80) { // 轴承温度超过80°C
                    logger.warn("{}温度过高: {}°C", bearing, temp);
                    alarmService.sendAlarm(bearing + "温度过高: " + temp + "°C", "MEDIUM");
                }
            }
            
            // 汽轮机效率监测
            double turbineEfficiency = performanceAnalyzer.calculateTurbineEfficiency();
            if (turbineEfficiency < 85) {
                logger.warn("汽轮机效率偏低: {}%", turbineEfficiency);
            }
            
            logger.info("机械状态监控 - 汽轮机转速: {}rpm, 发电机转速: {}rpm, 振动: {}μm, 汽轮机效率: {}%",
                       turbineSpeed, generatorSpeed, vibration.getAmplitude(), turbineEfficiency);
                       
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("机械状态监控异常", e);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 监控电气参数
     * 包括电压、电流、功率因数、频率等
     */
    @Scheduled(fixedRate = 1000) // 每秒检查一次
    public void monitorElectricalParameters() {
        try {
            ElectricalParameters params = electricalMonitor.getCurrentParameters();
            
            // 检查电压稳定性
            if (params.getVoltage() < 10.0 || params.getVoltage() > 11.0) { // 额定10.5kV
                logger.warn("发电机电压异常: {}kV", params.getVoltage());
                alarmService.sendAlarm("发电机电压异常: " + params.getVoltage() + "kV", "MEDIUM");
            }
            
            // 检查频率稳定性
            if (Math.abs(params.getFrequency() - 50.0) > 0.5) { // 频率偏差超过0.5Hz
                logger.warn("频率偏差过大: {}Hz", params.getFrequency());
                alarmService.sendAlarm("频率偏差过大: " + params.getFrequency() + "Hz", "HIGH");
            }
            
            // 检查功率因数
            if (params.getPowerFactor() < 0.85) {
                logger.warn("功率因数偏低: {}", params.getPowerFactor());
                alarmService.sendAlarm("功率因数偏低: " + params.getPowerFactor(), "LOW");
            }
            
            // 检查三相不平衡
            double[] phaseCurrents = params.getPhaseCurrents();
            double imbalance = calculatePhaseImbalance(phaseCurrents);
            if (imbalance > 5.0) { // 不平衡度超过5%
                logger.warn("三相电流不平衡: {}%", imbalance);
                alarmService.sendAlarm("三相电流不平衡: " + imbalance + "%", "MEDIUM");
            }
            
            // 计算发电功率
            double activePower = params.getVoltage() * params.getCurrent() * 
                               params.getPowerFactor() * Math.sqrt(3) / 1000; // MW
            
            double reactivePower = params.getVoltage() * params.getCurrent() * 
                                 Math.sin(Math.acos(params.getPowerFactor())) * Math.sqrt(3) / 1000; // MVar
            
            // 检查功率限制
            if (activePower > 600) { // 超过额定功率
                logger.warn("有功功率超限: {}MW", activePower);
                alarmService.sendAlarm("有功功率超限: " + activePower + "MW", "HIGH");
            }
            
            logger.info("电气参数监控 - 电压: {}kV, 电流: {}A, 频率: {}Hz, 功率因数: {}, 有功功率: {}MW, 无功功率: {}MVar",
                       params.getVoltage(), params.getCurrent(), params.getFrequency(), 
                       params.getPowerFactor(), activePower, reactivePower);
                       
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("电气参数监控异常", e);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 分析振动频谱
     * 识别可能的故障类型
     */
    private void analyzeVibrationSpectrum(VibrationData vibration) {
        try {
            double[] spectrum = vibration.getFrequencySpectrum();
            double fundamentalFreq = 50.0; // 基频50Hz
            
            // 检查基频分量
            double fundamentalAmplitude = getAmplitudeAtFrequency(spectrum, fundamentalFreq);
            if (fundamentalAmplitude > 30) {
                logger.warn("基频振动过大，可能存在不平衡");
                alarmService.sendAlarm("转子不平衡征象", "MEDIUM");
            }
            
            // 检查2倍频分量
            double secondHarmonic = getAmplitudeAtFrequency(spectrum, fundamentalFreq * 2);
            if (secondHarmonic > 20) {
                logger.warn("2倍频振动过大，可能存在对中不良");
                alarmService.sendAlarm("对中不良征象", "MEDIUM");
            }
            
            // 检查高频分量
            double highFreqEnergy = calculateHighFrequencyEnergy(spectrum);
            if (highFreqEnergy > 15) {
                logger.warn("高频振动能量过大，可能存在轴承故障");
                alarmService.sendAlarm("轴承故障征象", "HIGH");
            }
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error("振动频谱分析失败", e);
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 计算三相不平衡度
     */
    private double calculatePhaseImbalance(double[] phaseCurrents) {
        if (phaseCurrents.length != 3) return 0.0;
        
        double avg = (phaseCurrents[0] + phaseCurrents[1] + phaseCurrents[2]) / 3;
        double maxDeviation = 0;
        
        for (double current : phaseCurrents) {
            double deviation = Math.abs(current - avg) / avg * 100;
            maxDeviation = Math.max(maxDeviation, deviation);
        }
        
        return maxDeviation;
    }
    
    /**
     * 获取指定频率的振幅
     */
    private double getAmplitudeAtFrequency(double[] spectrum, double frequency) {
        // 简化实现，实际应用中需要FFT分析
        int index = (int) (frequency / 1000 * spectrum.length);
        if (index >= 0 && index < spectrum.length) {
            return spectrum[index];
        }
        return 0.0;
    }
    
    /**
     * 计算高频能量
     */
    private double calculateHighFrequencyEnergy(double[] spectrum) {
        double energy = 0;
        int startIndex = spectrum.length / 2; // 从中间频率开始
        
        for (int i = startIndex; i < spectrum.length; i++) {
            energy += spectrum[i] * spectrum[i];
        }
        
        return Math.sqrt(energy);
    }
    
    private double getTurbineSpeed() {
        // 从传感器获取汽轮机转速
        return 3000.0; // 示例值
    }
    
    private double getGeneratorSpeed() {
        // 从传感器获取发电机转速
        return 3000.0; // 示例值
    }
}

4 PID控制器实现

4.1 通用PID控制器

/**
 * PID控制器
 * 用于各种参数的自动控制
 */
@Component
public class PIDController {
    
    private double kp; // 比例系数
    private double ki; // 积分系数
    private double kd; // 微分系数
    
    private double previousError = 0;
    private double integral = 0;
    private long lastTime = 0;
    
    public PIDController() {
        // 默认参数
        this.kp = 1.0;
        this.ki = 0.1;
        this.kd = 0.01;
    }
    
    public PIDController(double kp, double ki, double kd) {
        this.kp = kp;
        this.ki = ki;
        this.kd = kd;
    }
    
    /**
     * 计算PID输出
     * @param setpoint 设定值
     * @param processValue 过程值
     * @return 控制输出
     */
    public double calculate(double setpoint, double processValue) {
        long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        double deltaTime = (currentTime - lastTime) / 1000.0; // 转换为秒
        
        if (lastTime == 0) {
            lastTime = currentTime;
            return 0;
        }
        
        // 计算误差
        double error = setpoint - processValue;
        
        // 比例项
        double proportional = kp * error;
        
        // 积分项
        integral += error * deltaTime;
        double integralTerm = ki * integral;
        
        // 微分项
        double derivative = (error - previousError) / deltaTime;
        double derivativeTerm = kd * derivative;
        
        // PID输出
        double output = proportional + integralTerm + derivativeTerm;
        
        // 更新状态
        previousError = error;
        lastTime = currentTime;
        
        // 输出限制
        output = Math.max(-100, Math.min(100, output));
        
        return output;
    }
    
    /**
     * 重置PID控制器
     */
    public void reset() {
        previousError = 0;
        integral = 0;
        lastTime = 0;
    }
    
    /**
     * 设置PID参数
     */
    public void setParameters(double kp, double ki, double kd) {
        this.kp = kp;
        this.ki = ki;
        this.kd = kd;
    }
    
    // Getters and Setters
    public double getKp() { return kp; }
    public void setKp(double kp) { this.kp = kp; }
    
    public double getKi() { return ki; }
    public void setKi(double ki) { this.ki = ki; }
    
    public double getKd() { return kd; }
    public void setKd(double kd) { this.kd = kd; }
}

5 数据模型定义

5.1 系统状态数据模型

/**
 * 汽水系统状态数据模型
 */
public class SteamWaterStatus {
    private double drumWaterLevel; // 汽包水位 mm
    private double steamTemperature; // 蒸汽温度 °C
    private double steamPressure; // 蒸汽压力 MPa
    private double feedWaterFlow; // 给水流量 t/h
    private double feedWaterTemperature; // 给水温度 °C
    private double steamFlow; // 蒸汽流量 t/h
    private double economizerOutletTemp; // 省煤器出口温度 °C
    private double desuperheaterSprayFlow; // 减温水流量 t/h
    private double efficiency; // 系统效率 %
    private ThermalBalance thermalBalance; // 热平衡
    private String operatingMode; // 运行模式
    private String healthStatus; // 健康状态
    private LocalDateTime timestamp; // 时间戳
    
    // 构造函数、Getters和Setters
    public SteamWaterStatus() {
        this.timestamp = LocalDateTime.now();
    }
    
    // ... 省略getter和setter方法
}

/**
 * 热平衡数据模型
 */
public class ThermalBalance {
    private double inputHeat; // 输入热量 kJ/s
    private double outputHeat; // 输出热量 kJ/s
    private double heatLoss; // 热损失 kJ/s
    private double efficiency; // 热效率 %
    
    // ... 省略getter和setter方法
}

/**
 * 电气参数数据模型
 */
public class ElectricalParameters {
    private double voltage; // 电压 kV
    private double current; // 电流 A
    private double frequency; // 频率 Hz
    private double powerFactor; // 功率因数
    private double[] phaseCurrents; // 三相电流 A
    private double[] phaseVoltages; // 三相电压 kV
    private LocalDateTime timestamp;
    
    // ... 省略getter和setter方法
}

6 总结

本文详细介绍了燃煤发电厂汽水系统的智能控制与发电监测系统。通过Java实现的监控平台能够：

1. 实时监控：全面监控汽包水位、蒸汽温度压力等关键参数
2. 智能控制：采用PID控制算法实现自动调节
3. 故障诊断：通过振动分析、电气参数监测等手段及早发现问题
4. 安全保护：完善的安全联锁和紧急停机机制
5. 数据分析：提供趋势分析和性能评估功能

下一篇文章将介绍电网并网控制与冷却系统优化的实现方案。