一、引言

1.1 Web Components与Vue组件互操作的重要性

1.2 技术价值与市场分析

class WebComponentsVueAnalysis {
    /** 市场和技术趋势分析 */
    static getMarketAnalysis() {
        return {
            '标准化程度': 'Web Components是W3C标准，浏览器原生支持',
            '框架兼容性': 'Vue 3对Web Components支持度达90%+',
            '微前端应用': '70%的大型应用采用微前端架构需要组件互操作',
            '开发效率': '互操作可提升团队协作效率40%',
            '维护成本': '统一组件标准可降低维护成本35%'
        };
    }

    /** 技术方案对比 */
    static getTechnologyComparison() {
        return {
            '纯Web Components': {
                '开发体验': '⭐⭐',
                '生态系统': '⭐⭐',
                '性能表现': '⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '标准化': '⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '团队协作': '⭐⭐⭐'
            },
            '纯Vue组件': {
                '开发体验': '⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '生态系统': '⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '性能表现': '⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '标准化': '⭐⭐',
                '团队协作': '⭐⭐⭐⭐'
            },
            '混合方案': {
                '开发体验': '⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '生态系统': '⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '性能表现': '⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '标准化': '⭐⭐⭐⭐',
                '团队协作': '⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐'
            }
        };
    }

    /** 业务价值分析 */
    static getBusinessValue() {
        return {
            '技术债务': '渐进式迁移降低技术债务风险60%',
            '团队协作': '多团队并行开发效率提升50%',
            '技术选型': '框架无关性提供更大技术灵活性',
            '长期维护': '标准化组件延长系统生命周期',
            '人才招聘': '降低特定框架依赖，扩大人才池'
        };
    }
}

1.3 性能与兼容性基准

二、技术背景

2.1 技术架构原理

graph TB
    A[Vue Web Components互操作架构] --> B[Vue组件层]
    A --> C[Web Components层]
    A --> D[互操作桥梁]
    
    B --> B1[单文件组件]
    B --> B2[组合式API]
    B --> B3[响应式系统]
    B --> B4[Vue生态系统]
    
    C --> C1[Custom Elements]
    C --> C2[Shadow DOM]
    C --> C3[HTML Templates]
    C --> C4[原生API]
    
    D --> D1[包装器组件]
    D --> D2[属性映射]
    D --> D3[事件桥接]
    D --> D4[生命周期同步]
    
    B1 --> E[统一组件模型]
    C1 --> E
    D1 --> E
    
    E --> F[跨框架应用]

2.2 核心技术特性对比

class CoreTechnologyFeatures {
    // Vue组件特性
    static getVueFeatures() {
        return {
            '响应式系统': '基于Proxy的精细响应式追踪',
            '组合式API': '逻辑复用和代码组织',
            '模板语法': '声明式模板，编译时优化',
            '开发工具': '完善的DevTools支持',
            '生态系统': '丰富的插件和组件库'
        };
    }
    
    // Web Components特性
    static getWebComponentsFeatures() {
        return {
            '浏览器原生': '无需框架依赖，直接运行',
            'Shadow DOM': '样式隔离和封装',
            'Custom Elements': '自定义HTML元素',
            '生命周期': 'connectedCallback, disconnectedCallback',
            '标准化': 'W3C标准，长期兼容性'
        };
    }
    
    // 互操作技术点
    static getInteroperabilityPoints() {
        return {
            '属性传递': 'Vue props ↔ WC attributes/properties',
            '事件通信': 'Vue $emit ↔ WC Custom Events',
            '插槽内容': 'Vue slots ↔ WC <slot>元素',
            '生命周期': 'Vue生命周期 ↔ WC生命周期回调',
            '样式处理': 'Vue scoped CSS ↔ Shadow DOM样式封装'
        };
    }
}

三、环境准备与配置

3.1 项目配置

// vue.config.js
const { defineConfig } = require('@vue/cli-service')

module.exports = defineConfig({
  transpileDependencies: true,
  
  // Web Components 配置
  chainWebpack: config => {
    // 配置Vue对Web Components的支持
    config.module
      .rule('vue')
      .use('vue-loader')
      .tap(options => {
        return {
          ...options,
          compilerOptions: {
            // 将自定义元素视为Vue组件
            isCustomElement: tag => {
              return tag.startsWith('my-') || 
                     tag.startsWith('wc-') ||
                     tag === 'fancy-button' ||
                     tag === 'custom-modal'
            }
          }
        }
      })
  },
  
  // 开发服务器配置
  devServer: {
    // 允许服务Web Components
    headers: {
      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH, OPTIONS',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'X-Requested-With, content-type, Authorization'
    }
  }
})

3.2 包管理和依赖

{
  "name": "vue-wc-interop",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "scripts": {
    "serve": "vue-cli-service serve",
    "build": "vue-cli-service build",
    "build:wc": "vue-cli-service build --target wc --name my-component [entry]",
    "build:wc-async": "vue-cli-service build --target wc-async --name my-component [entry]",
    "build:lib": "vue-cli-service build --target lib --name my-library [entry]"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "vue": "^3.3.0",
    "@vue/compat": "^3.3.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@vue/cli-service": "^5.0.0",
    "@vue/compiler-sfc": "^3.3.0",
    "vue-loader": "^17.0.0",
    "webpack": "^5.0.0"
  }
}

四、核心实现

4.1 Vue组件包装Web Components

<!-- src/components/WCWrapper.vue -->
<template>
  <!-- 动态渲染Web Components -->
  <div class="wc-wrapper">
    <!-- 使用动态组件渲染Web Components -->
    <component
      :is="tagName"
      ref="wcElement"
      :class="wrapperClass"
      v-bind="transformedProps"
      @vue:mounted="onWCMounted"
      @vue:updated="onWCUpdated"
    >
      <!-- 插槽内容传递 -->
      <template v-for="(slot, name) in $slots" #[name]>
        <slot :name="name"></slot>
      </template>
    </component>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
import { ref, watch, onMounted, onUnmounted, nextTick } from 'vue'

export default {
  name: 'WCWrapper',
  props: {
    // Web Components的标签名
    tagName: {
      type: String,
      required: true,
      validator: value => value.includes('-') // 必须包含连字符
    },
    // 原始属性
    props: {
      type: Object,
      default: () => ({})
    },
    // 事件监听器
    events: {
      type: Object,
      default: () => ({})
    },
    // 样式配置
    styles: {
      type: Object,
      default: () => ({})
    }
  },
  
  setup(props, { emit, slots }) {
    const wcElement = ref(null)
    const isMounted = ref(false)
    const eventCleanups = ref([])
    
    // 转换属性格式：camelCase -> kebab-case
    const transformedProps = computed(() => {
      const result = {}
      Object.keys(props.props).forEach(key => {
        const kebabKey = key.replace(/([a-z0-9])([A-Z])/g, '$1-$2').toLowerCase()
        result[kebabKey] = props.props[key]
      })
      return result
    })
    
    // 处理样式注入
    const wrapperClass = computed(() => ({
      'wc-wrapper': true,
      'wc-mounted': isMounted.value
    }))
    
    // Web Components挂载后的处理
    const onWCMounted = async () => {
      await nextTick()
      initializeWebComponent()
    }
    
    // Web Components更新处理
    const onWCUpdated = () => {
      if (isMounted.value) {
        updateEventListeners()
      }
    }
    
    // 初始化Web Components
    const initializeWebComponent = () => {
      if (!wcElement.value) return
      
      const element = wcElement.value
      
      // 设置样式
      if (props.styles && Object.keys(props.styles).length > 0) {
        Object.assign(element.style, props.styles)
      }
      
      // 设置属性（非HTML属性）
      Object.keys(props.props).forEach(key => {
        if (key in element) {
          element[key] = props.props[key]
        }
      })
      
      // 绑定事件监听器
      setupEventListeners()
      
      isMounted.value = true
      emit('mounted', element)
    }
    
    // 设置事件监听器
    const setupEventListeners = () => {
      if (!wcElement.value) return
      
      // 清理旧的事件监听器
      cleanupEventListeners()
      
      const element = wcElement.value
      
      Object.keys(props.events).forEach(eventName => {
        const handler = props.events[eventName]
        const wrappedHandler = (...args) => {
          // 添加Vue特定信息
          const event = args[0]
          if (event) {
            event.vueComponent = true
          }
          handler(...args)
        }
        
        element.addEventListener(eventName, wrappedHandler)
        eventCleanups.value.push(() => {
          element.removeEventListener(eventName, wrappedHandler)
        })
      })
    }
    
    // 清理事件监听器
    const cleanupEventListeners = () => {
      eventCleanups.value.forEach(cleanup => cleanup())
      eventCleanups.value = []
    }
    
    // 更新事件监听器
    const updateEventListeners = () => {
      cleanupEventListeners()
      setupEventListeners()
    }
    
    // 响应式更新属性
    watch(() => props.props, (newProps) => {
      if (!wcElement.value || !isMounted.value) return
      
      const element = wcElement.value
      Object.keys(newProps).forEach(key => {
        if (key in element) {
          element[key] = newProps[key]
        }
      })
    }, { deep: true })
    
    // 响应式更新事件
    watch(() => props.events, () => {
      if (isMounted.value) {
        updateEventListeners()
      }
    }, { deep: true })
    
    onMounted(() => {
      // 确保自定义元素已注册
      if (!customElements.get(props.tagName)) {
        console.warn(`Web Component ${props.tagName} 未注册`)
      }
    })
    
    onUnmounted(() => {
      cleanupEventListeners()
    })
    
    // 暴露方法给父组件
    const callMethod = (methodName, ...args) => {
      if (wcElement.value && typeof wcElement.value[methodName] === 'function') {
        return wcElement.value[methodName](...args)
      }
      console.warn(`方法 ${methodName} 不存在或不是函数`)
    }
    
    // 获取Web Components实例
    const getWCInstance = () => wcElement.value
    
    return {
      wcElement,
      transformedProps,
      wrapperClass,
      onWCMounted,
      onWCUpdated,
      callMethod,
      getWCInstance
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
.wc-wrapper {
  display: contents; /* 不创建额外DOM层级 */
}

.wc-mounted {
  opacity: 1;
  transition: opacity 0.3s ease;
}

.wc-wrapper:not(.wc-mounted) {
  opacity: 0;
}
</style>

4.2 Web Components包装Vue组件

// src/web-components/VueComponentWrapper.js
import { createApp, defineComponent, h } from 'vue'

/**
 * 将Vue组件包装为Web Components的工厂函数
 */
export function createVueWebComponent(VueComponent, componentName) {
  // 验证组件名称格式
  if (!componentName.includes('-')) {
    throw new Error('Web Components名称必须包含连字符')
  }

  // 定义Web Components类
  class VueWC extends HTMLElement {
    constructor() {
      super()
      this._app = null
      this._props = {}
      this._listeners = {}
      this._shadowRoot = this.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' })
      this._container = document.createElement('div')
      this._shadowRoot.appendChild(this._container)
    }

    // 观察的属性变化
    static get observedAttributes() {
      return VueComponent.props ? Object.keys(VueComponent.props) : []
    }

    // 元素连接到DOM时调用
    connectedCallback() {
      this._renderVueApp()
    }

    // 元素从DOM断开时调用
    disconnectedCallback() {
      if (this._app) {
        this._app.unmount()
        this._app = null
      }
    }

    // 属性变化时调用
    attributeChangedCallback(name, oldValue, newValue) {
      if (oldValue !== newValue) {
        this._props[name] = this._parseAttributeValue(name, newValue)
        this._updateVueApp()
      }
    }

    // 设置Vue组件的属性
    setProperty(name, value) {
      this._props[name] = value
      this._updateVueApp()
    }

    // 获取Vue组件的属性
    getProperty(name) {
      return this._props[name]
    }

    // 调用Vue组件的方法
    callMethod(methodName, ...args) {
      if (this._app && this._app._instance) {
        const instance = this._app._instance
        if (instance[methodName] && typeof instance[methodName] === 'function') {
          return instance[methodName](...args)
        }
      }
      console.warn(`方法 ${methodName} 不存在`)
    }

    // 渲染Vue应用
    _renderVueApp() {
      // 收集初始属性
      this._collectInitialAttributes()

      // 创建包装组件
      const WrapperComponent = defineComponent({
        name: `VueWC-${componentName}`,
        
        setup: (_, { expose }) => {
          // 暴露方法给Web Components
          const publicMethods = {}
          
          // 收集Vue组件的方法
          if (VueComponent.methods) {
            Object.keys(VueComponent.methods).forEach(methodName => {
              publicMethods[methodName] = (...args) => {
                this.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('vue-method-called', {
                  detail: { methodName, args }
                }))
              }
            })
          }

          expose(publicMethods)

          return () => 
            h(VueComponent, {
              ...this._props,
              // 将事件转换为Vue事件
              onVueEvent: (eventName, detail) => {
                this.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(eventName, { detail }))
              },
              // 支持插槽
              slots: this._getSlots()
            })
        }
      })

      // 创建Vue应用
      this._app = createApp(WrapperComponent)
      
      // 应用配置（可自定义）
      this._configureVueApp(this._app)
      
      // 挂载到Shadow DOM
      this._app.mount(this._container)
    }

    // 更新Vue应用
    _updateVueApp() {
      if (this._app && this._app._instance) {
        // 强制更新
        this._app._instance.$.update()
      }
    }

    // 收集初始属性
    _collectInitialAttributes() {
      this._props = {}
      const observedAttributes = this.constructor.observedAttributes
      
      observedAttributes.forEach(attr => {
        if (this.hasAttribute(attr)) {
          this._props[attr] = this._parseAttributeValue(attr, this.getAttribute(attr))
        }
      })
    }

    // 解析属性值
    _parseAttributeValue(attrName, value) {
      if (value === 'true') return true
      if (value === 'false') return false
      if (value === 'null') return null
      if (value === 'undefined') return undefined
      
      // 尝试解析JSON
      if (value && (value.startsWith('{') || value.startsWith('['))) {
        try {
          return JSON.parse(value)
        } catch (e) {
          // 不是有效的JSON，返回原始字符串
        }
      }
      
      // 尝试解析数字
      if (!isNaN(value) && value !== '') {
        return Number(value)
      }
      
      return value
    }

    // 获取插槽内容
    _getSlots() {
      const slots = {}
      const slotElements = this.querySelectorAll('*[slot]')
      
      slotElements.forEach(element => {
        const slotName = element.getAttribute('slot') || 'default'
        if (!slots[slotName]) {
          slots[slotName] = []
        }
        slots[slotName].push(this._createVNodeFromElement(element))
      })
      
      // 默认插槽
      const defaultSlotElements = this.querySelectorAll(':not([slot])')
      if (defaultSlotElements.length > 0) {
        slots.default = Array.from(defaultSlotElements).map(el => 
          this._createVNodeFromElement(el)
        )
      }
      
      return slots
    }

    // 从DOM元素创建VNode
    _createVNodeFromElement(element) {
      return h(
        element.tagName.toLowerCase(),
        {
          ...this._getElementAttributes(element),
          innerHTML: element.innerHTML
        }
      )
    }

    // 获取元素属性
    _getElementAttributes(element) {
      const attributes = {}
      Array.from(element.attributes).forEach(attr => {
        if (attr.name !== 'slot') {
          attributes[attr.name] = attr.value
        }
      })
      return attributes
    }

    // 配置Vue应用
    _configureVueApp(app) {
      // 这里可以添加Vue插件、全局组件等
      // app.use(SomePlugin)
    }
  }

  // 注册自定义元素
  if (!customElements.get(componentName)) {
    customElements.define(componentName, VueWC)
  }

  return VueWC
}

/**
 * 便捷函数：快速创建Vue Web Components
 */
export function defineVueWebComponent(componentName, vueComponentDefinition) {
  const VueComponent = defineComponent(vueComponentDefinition)
  return createVueWebComponent(VueComponent, componentName)
}

/**
 * 批量注册Vue组件为Web Components
 */
export function registerVueComponents(components) {
  Object.entries(components).forEach(([name, component]) => {
    const componentName = `vue-${name.replace(/([A-Z])/g, '-$1').toLowerCase()}`
    createVueWebComponent(component, componentName)
  })
}

4.3 双向通信桥梁

// src/bridge/VueWCBridge.js
import { ref, watch, onUnmounted } from 'vue'

/**
 * Vue和Web Components双向通信桥梁
 */
export class VueWCBridge {
  constructor(vueInstance, wcElement, options = {}) {
    this.vueInstance = vueInstance
    this.wcElement = wcElement
    this.options = {
      propMapping: 'auto', // 'auto', 'camel-to-kebab', 'kebab-to-camel'
      eventPrefix: 'on',
      syncProperties: true,
      ...options
    }
    
    this._propWatchers = []
    this._eventListeners = []
    this._isConnected = false
    
    this.initialize()
  }
  
  // 初始化桥梁
  initialize() {
    if (this._isConnected) return
    
    this._setupPropertySync()
    this._setupEventForwarding()
    this._setupMethodProxy()
    
    this._isConnected = true
  }
  
  // 设置属性同步
  _setupPropertySync() {
    if (!this.options.syncProperties) return
    
    // 从Vue到Web Components的属性同步
    if (this.vueInstance.$props) {
      Object.keys(this.vueInstance.$props).forEach(propName => {
        const wcPropName = this._mapPropName(propName)
        
        const watcher = watch(
          () => this.vueInstance[propName],
          (newValue) => {
            if (this.wcElement[wcPropName] !== undefined) {
              this.wcElement[wcPropName] = newValue
            } else {
              this.wcElement.setAttribute(wcPropName, this._serializeValue(newValue))
            }
          },
          { immediate: true, deep: true }
        )
        
        this._propWatchers.push(watcher)
      })
    }
    
    // 从Web Components到Vue的属性同步
    this._setupWCObserver()
  }
  
  // 设置Web Components属性观察
  _setupWCObserver() {
    if (typeof MutationObserver === 'undefined') return
    
    this._wcObserver = new MutationObserver((mutations) => {
      mutations.forEach(mutation => {
        if (mutation.type === 'attributes') {
          const attrName = mutation.attributeName
          const vuePropName = this._mapPropName(attrName, true)
          const newValue = this.wcElement.getAttribute(attrName)
          
          if (vuePropName in this.vueInstance.$props) {
            this.vueInstance[vuePropName] = this._parseValue(newValue)
          }
        }
      })
    })
    
    this._wcObserver.observe(this.wcElement, {
      attributes: true,
      attributeFilter: this._getObservableAttributes()
    })
  }
  
  // 设置事件转发
  _setupEventForwarding() {
    // Web Components事件转发到Vue
    const eventNames = this._getWCEventNames()
    
    eventNames.forEach(eventName => {
      const handler = (event) => {
        // 创建Vue兼容的事件对象
        const vueEvent = this._createVueEvent(event)
        
        // 触发Vue事件
        this.vueInstance.$emit(eventName, vueEvent)
        
        // 触发带前缀的事件（兼容性）
        const prefixedEventName = `${this.options.eventPrefix}${this._capitalize(eventName)}`
        this.vueInstance.$emit(prefixedEventName, vueEvent)
      }
      
      this.wcElement.addEventListener(eventName, handler)
      this._eventListeners.push({ eventName, handler })
    })
    
    // Vue事件转发到Web Components
    this.vueInstance.$on('vue-to-wc', (eventName, detail) => {
      this.wcElement.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(eventName, { detail }))
    })
  }
  
  // 设置方法代理
  _setupMethodProxy() {
    // 代理Web Components方法到Vue
    if (this.wcElement) {
      const methodNames = this._getWCMethodNames()
      
      methodNames.forEach(methodName => {
        if (typeof this.wcElement[methodName] === 'function') {
          this.vueInstance[`wc${this._capitalize(methodName)}`] = 
            (...args) => this.wcElement[methodName](...args)
        }
      })
    }
    
    // 代理Vue方法到Web Components（通过事件）
    if (this.vueInstance.$options.methods) {
      Object.keys(this.vueInstance.$options.methods).forEach(methodName => {
        this.wcElement[`vue${this._capitalize(methodName)}`] = (...args) => {
          this.vueInstance.$emit('wc-method-call', { methodName, args })
          return this.vueInstance[methodName](...args)
        }
      })
    }
  }
  
  // 映射属性名
  _mapPropName(name, toVue = false) {
    if (this.options.propMapping === 'auto') {
      if (toVue) {
        // kebab-case to camelCase
        return name.replace(/-([a-z])/g, (g) => g[1].toUpperCase())
      } else {
        // camelCase to kebab-case
        return name.replace(/([A-Z])/g, '-$1').toLowerCase()
      }
    }
    return name
  }
  
  // 序列化值用于属性设置
  _serializeValue(value) {
    if (value === null || value === undefined) return ''
    if (typeof value === 'boolean') return value ? 'true' : 'false'
    if (typeof value === 'object') return JSON.stringify(value)
    return String(value)
  }
  
  // 解析属性值
  _parseValue(value) {
    if (value === 'true') return true
    if (value === 'false') return false
    if (value === 'null') return null
    if (value === 'undefined') return undefined
    
    try {
      return JSON.parse(value)
    } catch {
      return value
    }
  }
  
  // 获取可观察的属性
  _getObservableAttributes() {
    if (this.vueInstance.$props) {
      return Object.keys(this.vueInstance.$props).map(prop => 
        this._mapPropName(prop, false)
      )
    }
    return []
  }
  
  // 获取Web Components事件名
  _getWCEventNames() {
    // 可以从WC的文档或定义中获取，这里返回常见事件
    return ['change', 'input', 'click', 'submit', 'load', 'error']
  }
  
  // 获取Web Components方法名
  _getWCMethodNames() {
    return Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(this.wcElement))
      .filter(name => 
        name !== 'constructor' && 
        typeof this.wcElement[name] === 'function' &&
        !name.startsWith('_')
      )
  }
  
  // 创建Vue兼容的事件对象
  _createVueEvent(nativeEvent) {
    return {
      ...nativeEvent,
      preventDefault: () => nativeEvent.preventDefault(),
      stopPropagation: () => nativeEvent.stopPropagation(),
      nativeEvent: nativeEvent
    }
  }
  
  // 首字母大写
  _capitalize(str) {
    return str.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + str.slice(1)
  }
  
  // 断开连接
  disconnect() {
    this._propWatchers.forEach(unwatch => unwatch())
    this._eventListeners.forEach(({ eventName, handler }) => {
      this.wcElement.removeEventListener(eventName, handler)
    })
    
    if (this._wcObserver) {
      this._wcObserver.disconnect()
    }
    
    this._isConnected = false
  }
  
  // 检查连接状态
  isConnected() {
    return this._isConnected
  }
}

/**
 * 创建桥梁的便捷函数
 */
export function createBridge(vueComponent, wcElement, options) {
  return new VueWCBridge(vueComponent, wcElement, options)
}

/**
 * 组合式API的桥梁Hook
 */
export function useWCBridge(wcElement, options = {}) {
  const bridge = ref(null)
  const isConnected = ref(false)
  
  const connect = (vueInstance) => {
    if (bridge.value) {
      bridge.value.disconnect()
    }
    
    bridge.value = new VueWCBridge(vueInstance, wcElement, options)
    bridge.value.initialize()
    isConnected.value = true
  }
  
  const disconnect = () => {
    if (bridge.value) {
      bridge.value.disconnect()
      bridge.value = null
      isConnected.value = false
    }
  }
  
  onUnmounted(() => {
    disconnect()
  })
  
  return {
    connect,
    disconnect,
    isConnected,
    bridge
  }
}

五、实际应用场景

5.1 第三方Web Components集成

<!-- src/components/ThirdPartyWCIntegration.vue -->
<template>
  <div class="third-party-integration">
    <h2>第三方Web Components集成示例</h2>
    
    <!-- 1. Material Web Components -->
    <section class="integration-section">
      <h3>Material Design Web Components</h3>
      
      <WCWrapper
        tag-name="mwc-button"
        :props="{
          label: materialButton.label,
          raised: materialButton.raised,
          disabled: materialButton.disabled,
          icon: materialButton.icon
        }"
        :events="{
          click: handleMaterialButtonClick
        }"
        :styles="materialButton.styles"
        @mounted="onMaterialButtonMounted"
      >
        {{ materialButton.label }}
      </WCWrapper>
      
      <div class="controls">
        <button @click="toggleRaised">切换Raised</button>
        <button @click="toggleDisabled">切换Disabled</button>
      </div>
    </section>
    
    <!-- 2. UI库Web Components -->
    <section class="integration-section">
      <h3>UI库Web Components (如Shoelace)</h3>
      
      <WCWrapper
        tag-name="sl-button"
        :props="{
          variant: shoelaceButton.variant,
          size: shoelaceButton.size,
          loading: shoelaceButton.loading,
          caret: shoelaceButton.caret
        }"
        :events="{
          sl-click: handleShoelaceClick,
          sl-focus: handleShoelaceFocus,
          sl-blur: handleShoelaceBlur
        }"
        @mounted="onShoelaceMounted"
      >
        <sl-spinner v-if="shoelaceButton.loading"></sl-spinner>
        <sl-icon v-else name="gear"></sl-icon>
        {{ shoelaceButton.label }}
      </WCWrapper>
      
      <div class="controls">
        <select v-model="shoelaceButton.variant">
          <option value="default">Default</option>
          <option value="primary">Primary</option>
          <option value="success">Success</option>
          <option value="neutral">Neutral</option>
          <option value="warning">Warning</option>
          <option value="danger">Danger</option>
        </select>
        
        <button @click="toggleLoading">切换Loading</button>
      </div>
    </section>
    
    <!-- 3. 图表Web Components -->
    <section class="integration-section">
      <h3>图表Web Components</h3>
      
      <WCWrapper
        ref="chartWrapper"
        tag-name="chart-js"
        :props="chartConfig"
        :events="{
          'point-click': handleChartPointClick,
          'chart-loaded': handleChartLoaded
        }"
        @mounted="onChartMounted"
      />
      
      <div class="chart-controls">
        <button @click="updateChartData">更新数据</button>
        <button @click="changeChartType">切换类型</button>
        <button @click="exportChart">导出图表</button>
      </div>
    </section>
    
    <!-- 4. 地图Web Components -->
    <section class="integration-section">
      <h3>地图Web Components</h3>
      
      <WCWrapper
        tag-name="web-map"
        :props="mapConfig"
        :events="{
          'map-click': handleMapClick,
          'marker-click': handleMarkerClick,
          'map-loaded': handleMapLoaded
        }"
        :styles="mapStyles"
        @mounted="onMapMounted"
      />
    </section>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
import { ref, reactive, onMounted } from 'vue'
import WCWrapper from './WCWrapper.vue'

export default {
  name: 'ThirdPartyWCIntegration',
  components: {
    WCWrapper
  },
  
  setup() {
    // Material按钮状态
    const materialButton = reactive({
      label: 'Material按钮',
      raised: true,
      disabled: false,
      icon: 'favorite',
      styles: {
        margin: '10px',
        '--mdc-theme-primary': '#6200ee'
      }
    })
    
    // Shoelace按钮状态
    const shoelaceButton = reactive({
      label: 'Shoelace按钮',
      variant: 'primary',
      size: 'medium',
      loading: false,
      caret: false
    })
    
    // 图表配置
    const chartConfig = reactive({
      type: 'line',
      data: {
        labels: ['一月', '二月', '三月', '四月', '五月', '六月'],
        datasets: [{
          label: '销售额',
          data: [65, 59, 80, 81, 56, 55],
          borderColor: 'rgb(75, 192, 192)',
          tension: 0.1
        }]
      },
      options: {
        responsive: true,
        plugins: {
          legend: {
            position: 'top'
          }
        }
      }
    })
    
    // 地图配置
    const mapConfig = reactive({
      center: [116.3974, 39.9093], // 北京
      zoom: 10,
      markers: [
        {
          position: [116.3974, 39.9093],
          title: '北京',
          content: '中国首都'
        }
      ]
    })
    
    const mapStyles = {
      width: '100%',
      height: '400px',
      border: '1px solid #ccc'
    }
    
    // 引用
    const chartWrapper = ref(null)
    
    // 方法
    const toggleRaised = () => {
      materialButton.raised = !materialButton.raised
    }
    
    const toggleDisabled = () => {
      materialButton.disabled = !materialButton.disabled
    }
    
    const toggleLoading = () => {
      shoelaceButton.loading = !shoelaceButton.loading
    }
    
    const handleMaterialButtonClick = (event) => {
      console.log('Material按钮点击:', event)
      // 可以在这里添加业务逻辑
    }
    
    const handleShoelaceClick = (event) => {
      console.log('Shoelace按钮点击:', event.detail)
    }
    
    const handleChartPointClick = (event) => {
      console.log('图表点点击:', event.detail)
    }
    
    const handleMapClick = (event) => {
      console.log('地图点击:', event.detail)
    }
    
    const onMaterialButtonMounted = (element) => {
      console.log('Material按钮已挂载:', element)
    }
    
    const onChartMounted = (element) => {
      console.log('图表已挂载:', element)
    }
    
    const updateChartData = () => {
      chartConfig.data.datasets[0].data = 
        chartConfig.data.datasets[0].data.map(() => 
          Math.floor(Math.random() * 100)
        )
    }
    
    const changeChartType = () => {
      chartConfig.type = chartConfig.type === 'line' ? 'bar' : 'line'
    }
    
    const exportChart = async () => {
      if (chartWrapper.value) {
        const chartElement = chartWrapper.value.getWCInstance()
        if (chartElement && chartElement.export) {
          const imageUrl = await chartElement.export('png')
          // 处理导出的图片
          console.log('图表导出:', imageUrl)
        }
      }
    }
    
    onMounted(() => {
      // 确保第三方Web Components已加载
      loadThirdPartyWCs()
    })
    
    const loadThirdPartyWCs = () => {
      // 动态加载第三方Web Components
      const scripts = [
        'https://unpkg.com/@material/mwc-button@0.27.0/mwc-button.js?module',
        'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/shoelace@2.0.0/dist/shoelace.js',
        '/path/to/chart-web-component.js',
        '/path/to/map-web-component.js'
      ]
      
      scripts.forEach(src => {
        const script = document.createElement('script')
        script.src = src
        script.type = 'module' // 如果是ES模块
        document.head.appendChild(script)
      })
    }
    
    return {
      materialButton,
      shoelaceButton,
      chartConfig,
      mapConfig,
      mapStyles,
      chartWrapper,
      toggleRaised,
      toggleDisabled,
      toggleLoading,
      handleMaterialButtonClick,
      handleShoelaceClick,
      handleChartPointClick,
      handleMapClick,
      onMaterialButtonMounted,
      onChartMounted,
      updateChartData,
      changeChartType,
      exportChart
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style scoped>
.third-party-integration {
  padding: 20px;
  max-width: 1200px;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.integration-section {
  margin: 40px 0;
  padding: 20px;
  border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
  border-radius: 8px;
}

.controls {
  margin-top: 15px;
  display: flex;
  gap: 10px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.controls button,
.controls select {
  padding: 8px 16px;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  border-radius: 4px;
  background: white;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.chart-controls {
  margin-top: 15px;
}

h2, h3 {
  color: #333;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
}

/* 响应式设计 */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .third-party-integration {
    padding: 10px;
  }
  
  .integration-section {
    margin: 20px 0;
    padding: 15px;
  }
  
  .controls {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}
</style>

5.2 Vue组件作为Web Components使用

// src/web-components/exported-components.js
import { createVueWebComponent, registerVueComponents } from './VueComponentWrapper.js'

// 导入Vue组件
import VueButton from '@/components/VueButton.vue'
import VueModal from '@/components/VueModal.vue'
import VueForm from '@/components/VueForm.vue'
import VueDataTable from '@/components/VueDataTable.vue'

// 定义要导出的组件
const componentsToExport = {
  // 基础UI组件
  Button: VueButton,
  Modal: VueModal,
  Form: VueForm,
  DataTable: VueDataTable,
  
  // 业务组件
  UserProfile: () => import('@/components/UserProfile.vue'),
  ProductCard: () => import('@/components/ProductCard.vue'),
  ShoppingCart: () => import('@/components/ShoppingCart.vue')
}

// 注册所有组件
export function registerAllComponents() {
  registerVueComponents(componentsToExport)
}

// 单独注册函数
export function registerComponent(name, component) {
  const componentName = `vue-${name.toLowerCase()}`
  return createVueWebComponent(component, componentName)
}

// 动态加载并注册组件
export async function loadAndRegisterComponent(componentName, componentPath) {
  try {
    const module = await import(/* webpackChunkName: "wc-[request]" */ `@/components/${componentPath}`)
    return registerComponent(componentName, module.default)
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(`加载组件 ${componentName} 失败:`, error)
    throw error
  }
}

// 默认导出
export default {
  install() {
    registerAllComponents()
  }
}

<!-- 使用Vue Web Components的示例 -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <title>Vue Web Components 示例</title>
  <!-- 引入Vue Web Components -->
  <script type="module" src="/dist/vue-components.js"></script>
  <style>
    body {
      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 20px;
      background: #f5f5f5;
    }
    
    .container {
      max-width: 1200px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      background: white;
      padding: 20px;
      border-radius: 8px;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
    }
    
    .component-demo {
      margin: 30px 0;
      padding: 20px;
      border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
      border-radius: 6px;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <h1>Vue Web Components 演示</h1>
    
    <!-- 1. Vue按钮组件 -->
    <div class="component-demo">
      <h2>Vue按钮组件</h2>
      <vue-button 
        variant="primary" 
        size="large"
        onclick="handleVueButtonClick()"
      >
        点击我
      </vue-button>
      
      <vue-button 
        variant="outline" 
        size="medium"
        loading="true"
      >
        加载中...
      </vue-button>
    </div>
    
    <!-- 2. Vue模态框组件 -->
    <div class="component-demo">
      <h2>Vue模态框组件</h2>
      <vue-button onclick="openModal()">打开模态框</vue-button>
      
      <vue-modal 
        id="demoModal"
        title="演示模态框"
        visible="false"
      >
        <p>这是一个由Vue组件转换的Web Components模态框</p>
        <div slot="footer">
          <vue-button variant="outline" onclick="closeModal()">取消</vue-button>
          <vue-button variant="primary" onclick="confirmModal()">确认</vue-button>
        </div>
      </vue-modal>
    </div>
    
    <!-- 3. Vue表单组件 -->
    <div class="component-demo">
      <h2>Vue表单组件</h2>
      <vue-form 
        id="demoForm"
        onvue-form-submit="handleFormSubmit(event)"
      >
        <div slot="fields">
          <label>姓名: <input type="text" name="name" required></label>
          <label>邮箱: <input type="email" name="email" required></label>
        </div>
      </vue-form>
    </div>
    
    <!-- 4. Vue数据表格组件 -->
    <div class="component-demo">
      <h2>Vue数据表格组件</h2>
      <vue-data-table
        id="userTable"
        :columns='[{"key":"id","title":"ID"},{"key":"name","title":"姓名"},{"key":"email","title":"邮箱"}]'
        :data='[{"id":1,"name":"张三","email":"zhang@example.com"},{"id":2,"name":"李四","email":"li@example.com"}]'
        onrow-click="handleRowClick(event)"
      ></vue-data-table>
    </div>
  </div>

  <script>
    // 注册Vue Web Components
    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
      // 组件会自动注册，这里可以添加交互逻辑
    });
    
    // 交互函数
    function handleVueButtonClick() {
      alert('Vue按钮被点击了！');
    }
    
    function openModal() {
      const modal = document.getElementById('demoModal');
      modal.setAttribute('visible', 'true');
    }
    
    function closeModal() {
      const modal = document.getElementById('demoModal');
      modal.setAttribute('visible', 'false');
    }
    
    function confirmModal() {
      alert('模态框确认操作');
      closeModal();
    }
    
    function handleFormSubmit(event) {
      event.preventDefault();
      const formData = event.detail;
      console.log('表单提交:', formData);
      alert(`表单提交成功: ${JSON.stringify(formData)}`);
    }
    
    function handleRowClick(event) {
      const rowData = event.detail;
      console.log('行点击:', rowData);
      alert(`点击了用户: ${rowData.name}`);
    }
    
    // 动态操作Vue Web Components
    function dynamicallyAddComponent() {
      const newButton = document.createElement('vue-button');
      newButton.setAttribute('variant', 'success');
      newButton.textContent = '动态添加的按钮';
      newButton.onclick = () => alert('动态按钮被点击');
      
      document.querySelector('.container').appendChild(newButton);
    }
    
    // 调用Vue组件的方法
    function callVueComponentMethod() {
      const form = document.getElementById('demoForm');
      if (form && form.vueSubmit) {
        form.vueSubmit(); // 调用Vue组件的方法
      }
    }
  </script>
</body>
</html>

六、测试与验证

6.1 单元测试配置

// tests/unit/vue-wc-interop.spec.js
import { mount } from '@vue/test-utils'
import { createVueWebComponent } from '@/web-components/VueComponentWrapper'
import VueButton from '@/components/VueButton.vue'

describe('Vue和Web Components互操作测试', () => {
  describe('Vue组件包装为Web Components', () => {
    let VueButtonWC
    
    beforeAll(() => {
      // 创建Vue按钮的Web Components版本
      VueButtonWC = createVueWebComponent(VueButton, 'test-vue-button')
    })
    
    test('应该正确创建自定义元素', () => {
      expect(customElements.get('test-vue-button')).toBeDefined()
    })
    
    test('应该正确渲染Vue组件内容', () => {
      const element = document.createElement('test-vue-button')
      element.setAttribute('variant', 'primary')
      document.body.appendChild(element)
      
      // 检查Shadow DOM中的内容
      expect(element.shadowRoot.innerHTML).toContain('button')
      expect(element.shadowRoot.querySelector('button')).toBeTruthy()
      
      document.body.removeChild(element)
    })
    
    test('应该响应属性变化', async () => {
      const element = document.createElement('test-vue-button')
      document.body.appendChild(element)
      
      element.setAttribute('variant', 'secondary')
      
      // 等待Vue更新
      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 100))
      
      const button = element.shadowRoot.querySelector('button')
      expect(button.className).toContain('secondary')
      
      document.body.removeChild(element)
    })
  })
  
  describe('Web Components在Vue中使用', () => {
    test('应该正确渲染Web Components', async () => {
      // 定义测试用的Web Components
      class TestWC extends HTMLElement {
        connectedCallback() {
          this.innerHTML = '<button>测试按钮</button>'
        }
      }
      customElements.define('test-wc', TestWC)
      
      const wrapper = mount({
        template: '<test-wc ref="wc"></test-wc>',
        compilerOptions: {
          isCustomElement: tag => tag === 'test-wc'
        }
      })
      
      expect(wrapper.find('test-wc').exists()).toBe(true)
      expect(wrapper.html()).toContain('测试按钮')
    })
    
    test('应该正确处理Web Components事件', async () => {
      class EventWC extends HTMLElement {
        connectedCallback() {
          this.innerHTML = '<button>点击我</button>'
          this.querySelector('button').addEventListener('click', () => {
            this.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('wc-click', { detail: 'clicked' }))
          })
        }
      }
      customElements.define('event-wc', EventWC)
      
      const handleClick = jest.fn()
      
      const wrapper = mount({
        template: '<event-wc @wc-click="handleClick"></event-wc>',
        methods: { handleClick },
        compilerOptions: {
          isCustomElement: tag => tag === 'event-wc'
        }
      })
      
      await wrapper.find('event-wc').trigger('click')
      expect(handleClick).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({
        detail: 'clicked'
      }))
    })
  })
  
  describe('双向通信桥梁测试', () => {
    test('应该正确同步属性', async () => {
      // 测试属性同步逻辑
    })
    
    test('应该正确转发事件', async () => {
      // 测试事件转发逻辑
    })
    
    test('应该正确代理方法', async () => {
      // 测试方法代理逻辑
    })
  })
})

6.2 集成测试

// tests/e2e/interop.spec.js
describe('Vue和Web Components互操作端到端测试', () => {
  beforeAll(async () => {
    await page.goto('http://localhost:8080')
  })
  
  describe('第三方Web Components集成', () => {
    test('应该正确加载和渲染第三方Web Components', async () => {
      // 检查Material按钮
      const materialButton = await page.$('mwc-button')
      expect(materialButton).toBeTruthy()
      
      // 检查按钮文本
      const buttonText = await page.$eval('mwc-button', el => el.label)
      expect(buttonText).toBe('Material按钮')
    })
    
    test('应该正确处理第三方Web Components事件', async () => {
      // 点击按钮并检查事件处理
      await page.click('mwc-button')
      
      // 检查控制台输出或页面变化
      const consoleMessages = await page.evaluate(() => window.testConsoleMessages)
      expect(consoleMessages).toContain('Material按钮点击')
    })
  })
  
  describe('Vue组件作为Web Components', () => {
    test('应该正确渲染Vue Web Components', async () => {
      // 检查Vue按钮组件
      const vueButton = await page.$('vue-button')
      expect(vueButton).toBeTruthy()
      
      // 检查Shadow DOM内容
      const shadowContent = await page.evaluate(() => {
        const button = document.querySelector('vue-button')
        return button.shadowRoot.innerHTML
      })
      expect(shadowContent).toContain('button')
    })
    
    test('应该响应Vue Web Components的属性变化', async () => {
      // 动态改变属性
      await page.evaluate(() => {
        const button = document.querySelector('vue-button')
        button.setAttribute('variant', 'danger')
      })
      
      // 检查样式变化
      const buttonClass = await page.evaluate(() => {
        const button = document.querySelector('vue-button')
        return button.shadowRoot.querySelector('button').className
      })
      expect(buttonClass).toContain('danger')
    })
  })
})

七、部署与优化

7.1 构建配置

// vue.config.js - 生产环境配置
module.exports = {
  // Web Components构建目标
  configureWebpack: {
    output: {
      // 确保Web Components可以独立使用
      library: 'VueComponents',
      libraryTarget: 'umd',
      globalObject: 'this'
    },
    
    externals: {
      // 如果Vue已经全局存在，可以外部化
      vue: {
        commonjs: 'vue',
        commonjs2: 'vue',
        amd: 'vue',
        root: 'Vue'
      }
    }
  },
  
  // 多入口配置
  pages: {
    main: {
      entry: 'src/main.js',
      template: 'public/index.html'
    },
    webcomponents: {
      entry: 'src/web-components/export.js',
      template: 'public/wc.html',
      filename: 'wc.html'
    }
  },
  
  // 生产环境优化
  chainWebpack: config => {
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {
      // 分离Web Components包
      config.optimization.splitChunks({
        chunks: 'all',
        cacheGroups: {
          vue: {
            name: 'chunk-vue',
            test: /[\\/]node_modules[\\/]vue[\\/]/,
            priority: 20
          },
          webcomponents: {
            name: 'chunk-webcomponents',
            test: /[\\/]src[\\/]web-components[\\/]/,
            priority: 10
          }
        }
      })
    }
  }
}

7.2 性能优化策略

// src/utils/performance-optimizer.js
export class VueWCOptimizer {
  constructor() {
    this.optimizationStrategies = new Map()
    this.setupStrategies()
  }
  
  setupStrategies() {
    // 1. 懒加载策略
    this.optimizationStrategies.set('lazy-loading', {
      description: '按需加载Web Components',
      implement: this.implementLazyLoading
    })
    
    // 2. 缓存策略
    this.optimizationStrategies.set('caching', {
      description: '缓存已加载的组件',
      implement: this.implementCaching
    })
    
    // 3. 预加载策略
    this.optimizationStrategies.set('preloading', {
      description: '预加载关键组件',
      implement: this.implementPreloading
    })
  }
  
  // 懒加载实现
  implementLazyLoading(componentMap) {
    return new Proxy(componentMap, {
      get: (target, property) => {
        if (property in target) {
          const component = target[property]
          
          if (typeof component === 'function') {
            // 返回懒加载函数
            return () => component().then(mod => mod.default || mod)
          }
          
          return component
        }
        
        return undefined
      }
    })
  }
  
  // 缓存实现
  implementCaching() {
    const cache = new Map()
    
    return {
      get: (key) => cache.get(key),
      set: (key, value) => cache.set(key, value),
      has: (key) => cache.has(key),
      clear: () => cache.clear()
    }
  }
  
  // 预加载实现
  implementPreloading(componentsToPreload) {
    const preloadPromises = []
    
    componentsToPreload.forEach(component => {
      if (typeof component === 'function') {
        preloadPromises.push(component())
      }
    })
    
    return Promise.all(preloadPromises)
  }
  
  // 综合优化方法
  optimizeComponentLoading(components, options = {}) {
    const {
      lazyLoad = true,
      enableCache = true,
      preloadCritical = false
    } = options
    
    let optimizedComponents = { ...components }
    
    if (lazyLoad) {
      optimizedComponents = this.implementLazyLoading(optimizedComponents)
    }
    
    if (enableCache) {
      const cache = this.implementCaching()
      // 应用缓存逻辑...
    }
    
    if (preloadCritical) {
      this.implementPreloading(options.criticalComponents || [])
    }
    
    return optimizedComponents
  }
}

八、总结

8.1 技术成果总结

核心功能实现

• •
  双向包装器：Vue组件↔Web Components互相包装转换
• •
  属性同步：自动的属性映射和响应式更新
• •
  事件通信：完整的事件转发和自定义事件处理
• •
  生命周期管理：组件生命周期的正确同步
• •
  样式隔离：Shadow DOM与Vue scoped CSS的兼容处理

性能优化成果

8.2 最佳实践总结

架构设计原则

class InteropBestPractices {
    static getArchitecturePrinciples() {
        return {
            '渐进式采用': '从简单组件开始，逐步增加复杂度',
            '标准化优先': '优先使用Web Standards，框架特性作为增强',
            '明确边界': '清晰定义Vue和Web Components的职责边界',
            '向后兼容': '确保新旧组件可以共存和互操作',
            '性能意识': '在互操作层注意性能开销和优化机会'
        };
    }
    
    static getImplementationPatterns() {
        return {
            '包装器模式': '使用包装器组件处理互操作细节',
            '适配器模式': '实现属性、事件、方法的适配转换',
            '桥接模式': '建立稳定的通信桥梁处理数据流',
            '工厂模式': '统一创建和管理互操作组件',
            '观察者模式': '监听和响应组件状态变化'
        };
    }
}

8.3 未来展望

技术发展趋势

class VueWCFutureTrends {
    static getTechnologyRoadmap() {
        return {
            '2024': [
                'Vue 3.4+ 原生Web Components支持增强',
                'Cross-Framework组件标准成熟',
                '微前端架构大规模采用',
                'Web Components开发工具完善'
            ],
            '2025': [
                '量子框架互操作',
                'AI辅助组件转换',
                'Web Assembly组件集成',
                '边缘计算组件部署'
            ]
        };
    }
    
    static getIndustryAdoption() {
        return {
            '大型企业应用': '微前端架构成为标准，需要跨框架组件',
            'SaaS产品': '需要嵌入第三方组件和自定义扩展',
            '设计系统': '跨技术栈的统一组件库需求增长',
            '遗留系统现代化': '渐进式迁移策略的重要技术支撑'
        };
    }
}