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Kubernetes 管理员认证(CKA)考试笔记(五)

山河已无恙发表于 2022/02/14 02:49:40 2022/02/14

【摘要】生活的意义就是学着真实的活下去，生命的意义就是寻找生活的意义 -----山河已无恙

写在前面

嗯，准备考 cka证书，报了个班，花了好些钱，一定要考过去。
这篇博客是报班听课后整理的笔记，适合温习。
博客内容涉及：
- Helm的基本概念及安装，Helm源配置
- chart包的安装部署
- 私有Helm源的搭建及chart包的push和pull
- helm实战：Prometheus+Grafana+NodeExporter:集群监控平台搭建
- API Server认证管理
- token、Kubeconfig文件方式的API Server认证Demo
- Kubeconfig文件的创建Demo
- API Server授权管理
- API Server的常见权限策略简述
- RBAC策略实战Demo

生活的意义就是学着真实的活下去，生命的意义就是寻找生活的意义 -----山河已无恙

heml

helm的作用就是把许多的资源定义比如svc，deployment，一次性通过全部定义好，放在源里统一管理，这样很容易在其他机器上部署，个人理解这个类似于自动化运维中ansible中的角色概念，前端项目中的npm包管理工具,后端项目中的maven等构建工具一样，类比Ansible使用角色来整合playbook.yaml达到复用性。同样的，使用helm用于整合k8s中的资源对象yaml文件，实现复用性

Helm是一个由CNCF孵化和管理的项目,用于对需要在Kubernetes上部署的复杂应用进行定义、安装和更新。Helm以Chart的方式对应用软件进行描述,可以方便地创建、版本化、共享和发布复杂的应用软件。

heml主要概念

Chart:一个Helm包,其中包含运行一个应用所需要的工具和资源定义,还可能包含Kubernetes集群中的服务定义,类似Ansible中的rhel-system-roles软件包

Release: 在Kubernetes集群上运行的一个Chart实例。在同一个集群上,一个Chart可以被安装多次。

Repository:用于存放和共享Chart仓库。简单来说, Helm整个系统的主要任务就是,在仓库中查找需要的Chart,然后将Chart以Release的形式安装到Kubernetes集群中。

使用helm我们首先需要安装，可以通过Github下载安装包

heml 安装

安装包下载:https://github.com/helm/helm/releases:

解压安装

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$tar zxf helm-v3.2.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$cd linux-amd64/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/linux-amd64]
└─$ls
helm  LICENSE  README.md

之后直接将helm复制到/usr/local/bin/，配置完之后，即可以使用helm命令

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/linux-amd64]
└─$cp helm  /usr/local/bin/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/linux-amd64]
└─$ls /usr/local/bin/
helm

配置命令自动补全，通过写入/etc/profile 文件 souece < (helm completion bash)的方式配置命令自动补全。配置完记得使用source /etc/profile去刷新配置

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm --help | grep bash
  completion  generate autocompletions script for the specified shell (bash or zsh)
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$vim /etc/profile
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$source /etc/profile
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cat /etc/profile | grep -v ^# | grep   source
source <(kubectl completion bash)
source <(helm completion bash)
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

验证安装,查看heml版本

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm version
version.BuildInfo{Version:"v3.2.1", GitCommit:"fe51cd1e31e6a202cba7dead9552a6d418ded79a", GitTreeState:"clean", GoVersion:"go1.13.10"}
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

配置helm源

使用helm需要配置yaml源,常见的有阿里。微软，和Githup上的源

阿里云的源 https://apphub.aliyuncs.com
微软azure的源 http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts/

查看所以的源

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm repo list  #查看所以的源
Error: no repositories to show

添加指定是源

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm repo add azure http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts/

"azure" has been added to your repositories
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm repo add ali https://apphub.aliyuncs.com
"ali" has been added to your repositories

查看刚才添加的yum源

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm repo list
NAME    URL
azure   http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts/
ali     https://apphub.aliyuncs.com
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

Helm的常见用法

Helm的常见用法，包括搜索Chart、安装Chart、自定义Chart配置、更新或回滚Release、删除Release、创建自定义Chart、搭建私有仓库等

helm search：搜索可用的Chart

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm search  repo mysql
NAME                            CHART VERSION   APP VERSION     DESCRIPTION

ali/mysql                       6.8.0           8.0.19          Chart to create a Highly available MySQL cluster
ali/mysqldump                   2.6.0           2.4.1           A Helm chart to help backup MySQL databases usi...
ali/mysqlha                     1.0.0           5.7.13          MySQL cluster with a single master and zero or ...
ali/prometheus-mysql-exporter   0.5.2           v0.11.0         A Helm chart for prometheus mysql exporter with...
azure/mysql                     1.6.9           5.7.30          DEPRECATED - Fast, reliable, scalable, and easy...
azure/mysqldump                 2.6.2           2.4.1           DEPRECATED! - A Helm chart to help backup MySQL...
azure/prometheus-mysql-exporter 0.7.1           v0.11.0         DEPRECATED A Helm chart for prometheus mysql 
。。。。。。。。。。

chart包拉取

安装chart可以直接使用命令安装，也可以拉取到本地之后安装，也可以直接通过命名行安装

本地的Chart压缩包(helm install mysql-1.6.4.tgz)
一个Chart目录(helm install mysql/)
一个完整的URL(helm install https://example.com/charts/mysql-1.6.4.tgz)

chart包拉取

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm pull azure/mysql --version=1.6.4
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
mysql-1.6.4.tgz

helm install：安装Chart

chart包直接安装

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$#helm install db azure/mysql --version=1.6.4
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

拉取的chart包详细信息，通过解压之后查看

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
mysql-1.6.4.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$tar zxf mysql-1.6.4.tgz
.......
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
mysql  mysql-1.6.4.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cd mysql/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$ls
Chart.yaml  README.md  templates  values.yaml

yaml文件	描述
Chart.yaml	用于描述Chart信息的YAML文件
README.md	可选: README文件
values.yaml	默认的配置值
templates	可选:结合values.yaml,能够生成Kubernetes的manifest文件

对于下载好的yaml文件，我们可以修改后使用helm package重新打包

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$rm -rf mysql-1.6.4.tgz ; helm package  mysql/
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql-1.6.4.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
mysql  mysql-1.6.4.tgz

下面我们修改chart中的镜像为已经下载好的mysql和busybox镜像

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.82 -m shell -a "docker images | grep mysql"
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
mysql                                                     latest    ecac195d15af   2 months ago    516MB
mysql                                                     <none>    9da615fced53   3 months ago    514MB
hub.c.163.com/library/mysql                               latest    9e64176cd8a2   4 years ago     407MB
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.82 -m shell -a "docker images | grep busybox"
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
busybox                                                   latest    ffe9d497c324   5 weeks ago     1.24MB
busybox                                                   <none>    7138284460ff   2 months ago    1.24MB
busybox                                                   <none>    cabb9f684f8b   2 months ago    1.24MB
busybox                                                   1.27      6ad733544a63   4 years ago     1.13MB
yauritux/busybox-curl                                     latest    69894251bd3c   5 years ago     21.3MB

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$fg
vim ./k8s-helm-create/mysql/values.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$

通过修好的yaml文件创建chart， 查看当前运行的chart

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm ls
NAME    NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED STATUS  CHART   APP VERSION

使用helm install运行Chart
这里我们使用之前的那个mysq chart来安装一个mysql

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cd mysql/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$helm install mydb .
NAME: mydb
LAST DEPLOYED: Thu Jan 13 01:51:42 2022
NAMESPACE: liruilong-network-create
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
MySQL can be accessed via port 3306 on the following DNS name from within your cluster:
mydb-mysql.liruilong-network-create.svc.cluster.local

To get your root password run:

    MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace liruilong-network-create mydb-mysql -o jsonpath="{.data.mysql-root-password}" | base64 --decode; echo)

To connect to your database:

1. Run an Ubuntu pod that you can use as a client:

    kubectl run -i --tty ubuntu --image=ubuntu:16.04 --restart=Never -- bash -il

2. Install the mysql client:

    $ apt-get update && apt-get install mysql-client -y

3. Connect using the mysql cli, then provide your password:
    $ mysql -h mydb-mysql -p

To connect to your database directly from outside the K8s cluster:
    MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
    MYSQL_PORT=3306

    # Execute the following command to route the connection:
    kubectl port-forward svc/mydb-mysql 3306

    mysql -h ${MYSQL_HOST} -P${MYSQL_PORT} -u root -p${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}

查看是否是否运行成功mydb的pod和SVC

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$kubectl  get pods
NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS        AGE
mydb-mysql-7f8c5c47bd-82cts   1/1     Running   0               55s
pod1                          1/1     Running   2 (7d17h ago)   9d
pod2                          1/1     Running   3 (3d3h ago)    9d

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$kubectl  get svc
NAME         TYPE           CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP      PORT(S)        AGE
mydb-mysql   ClusterIP      10.107.17.103    <none>           3306/TCP       62s
svc1         LoadBalancer   10.106.61.84     192.168.26.240   80:30735/TCP   9d
svc2         LoadBalancer   10.111.123.194   192.168.26.241   80:31034/TCP   9d
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$

安装一个mysql客户端测试OK

┌──[root@vms82.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$yum install  mariadb -y

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$mysql -h10.107.17.103 -uroot -ptesting
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 7
Server version: 5.7.18 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MySQL [(none)]> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed

删除helm

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$helm del mydb
release "mydb" uninstalled
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$helm ls
NAME    NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED STATUS  CHART   APP VERSION
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql]
└─$

搭建私有Repository

自建的Chart之后自然需要搭建私有仓库。下面使用Nginx搭建一个简单的Chart私有仓库

仓库搭建

仓库搭建,找一台机器运行一个Nginx服务做仓库，需要注意要对主页数据做映射

┌──[root@vms83.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$netstat  -ntulp | grep 80
┌──[root@vms83.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$docker run -dit --name=helmrepo -p 8080:80 -v /data:/usr/share/nginx/html/charts docker.io/nginx
7201e001b02602f087105ca6096b0816acb03db02296c35c098a3dfddcb9c8d0
┌──[root@vms83.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$docker ps | grep helmrepo
7201e001b026   nginx                                               "/docker-entrypoint.…"   16 seconds ago      Up 15 seconds      0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp, :::8080->80/tcp   helmrepo

访问测试

┌──[root@vms83.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$curl 127.0.0.1:8080
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
。。。。。。。。

chart包上传

打包之前的mysql包，上传helm私有仓库。这里需要本读生成索引文件index.yaml

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm  package mysql/
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/ansible/k8s-helm-create/mysql-1.6.4.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm repo index . --url http://192.168.26.83:8080/charts
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
index.yaml  mysql  mysql-1.6.4.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cd ..

将索引文件和chart包一同上传到私有仓库

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m copy -a "src=./k8s-helm-create/index.yaml dest=/data/"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "233a0f3837d46af8a50098f1b29aa524b751cb29",
    "dest": "/data/index.yaml",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "66953d9558e44ab2f049dc602600ffda",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "root",
    "size": 843,
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1642011407.72-76313-71345316897038/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m copy -a "src=./k8s-helm-create/mysql-1.6.4.tgz dest=/data/"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "4fddb1c13c71673577570e61f68f926af7255bad",
    "dest": "/data/mysql-1.6.4.tgz",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "929267de36f9be04e0adfb2f9c9f5812",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "root",
    "size": 11121,
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1642011437.58-76780-127185287864942/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$

仓库索引文件更新

如果添加新的chart包到私有仓库，需要对于索引文件进行更新

helm create 创建一个自定义的chart包

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm create  liruilonghelm
Creating liruilonghelm
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
index.yaml  liruilonghelm  mysql  mysql-1.6.4.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm package liruilonghelm/
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /root/ansible/k8s-helm-create/liruilonghelm-0.1.0.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
index.yaml  liruilonghelm  liruilonghelm-0.1.0.tgz  mysql  mysql-1.6.4.tgz

使用同样的命名跟新索引文件

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm repo index . --url http://192.168.26.83:8080/charts
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cat index.yaml
apiVersion: v1
entries:
  liruilonghelm:
  - apiVersion: v2
    appVersion: 1.16.0
    created: "2022-01-13T02:22:19.442365047+08:00"
    description: A Helm chart for Kubernetes
    digest: abb491f061cccc8879659149d96c99cbc261af59d5fcf8855c5e86251fbd53c1
    name: liruilonghelm
    type: application
    urls:
    - http://192.168.26.83:8080/charts/liruilonghelm-0.1.0.tgz
    version: 0.1.0
  mysql:
  - apiVersion: v1
    appVersion: 5.7.30
    created: "2022-01-13T02:22:19.444985984+08:00"
    description: Fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to use open-source relational
      database system.
    digest: 29153332e509765010c7e5e240a059550d52b01b31b69f25dd27c136dffec40f
    home: https://www.mysql.com/
    icon: https://www.mysql.com/common/logos/logo-mysql-170x115.png
    keywords:
    - mysql
    - database
    - sql
    maintainers:
    - email: o.with@sportradar.com
      name: olemarkus
    - email: viglesias@google.com
      name: viglesiasce
    name: mysql
    sources:
    - https://github.com/kubernetes/charts
    - https://github.com/docker-library/mysql
    urls:
    - http://192.168.26.83:8080/charts/mysql-1.6.4.tgz
    version: 1.6.4
generated: "2022-01-13T02:22:19.440764685+08:00"
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

会发现索引文件已经被更新，entries里有两个对象，上传相关的数据

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m copy -a "src=./k8s-helm-create/index.yaml dest=/data/"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "dbdc550a24159764022ede9428b9f11a09ccf291",
    "dest": "/data/index.yaml",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "b771d8e50dd49228594f8a566117f8bf",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "root",
    "size": 1213,
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1642012325.1-89511-190591844764611/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m copy -a "src=./k8s-helm-create/liruilonghelm-0.1.0.tgz dest=/data/"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "f7fe8a0a7585adf23e3e23f8378e3e5a0dc13f92",
    "dest": "/data/liruilonghelm-0.1.0.tgz",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "04670f9b7e614d3bc6ba3e133bddae59",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "root",
    "size": 3591,
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1642012352.54-89959-104738456182106/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}

用私有仓库chart部署应用程序

添加私有源

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$helm repo add liruilong_repo http://192.168.26.83:8080/charts
"liruilong_repo" has been added to your repositories
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$helm repo list
NAME            URL
azure           http://mirror.azure.cn/kubernetes/charts/
ali             https://apphub.aliyuncs.com
liruilong_repo  http://192.168.26.83:8080/charts

私有源查找安装的chart

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$helm search repo mysql | grep liruilong
liruilong_repo/mysql            1.6.4           5.7.30          Fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to use open-...
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$

安装私有源chart

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$helm list
NAME    NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED STATUS  CHART   APP VERSION
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm install liruilongdb  liruilong_repo/mysql
NAME: liruilongdb
LAST DEPLOYED: Thu Jan 13 02:42:41 2022
NAMESPACE: liruilong-network-create
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
MySQL can be accessed via port 3306 on the following DNS name from within your cluster:
liruilongdb-mysql.liruilong-network-create.svc.cluster.local

To get your root password run:

    MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace liruilong-network-create liruilongdb-mysql -o jsonpath="{.data.mysql-root-password}" | base64 --decode; echo)

To connect to your database:

1. Run an Ubuntu pod that you can use as a client:

    kubectl run -i --tty ubuntu --image=ubuntu:16.04 --restart=Never -- bash -il

2. Install the mysql client:

    $ apt-get update && apt-get install mysql-client -y

3. Connect using the mysql cli, then provide your password:
    $ mysql -h liruilongdb-mysql -p

To connect to your database directly from outside the K8s cluster:
    MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
    MYSQL_PORT=3306

    # Execute the following command to route the connection:
    kubectl port-forward svc/liruilongdb-mysql 3306

    mysql -h ${MYSQL_HOST} -P${MYSQL_PORT} -u root -p${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}

验证安装，查看chart列表

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm list
NAME            NAMESPACE                       REVISION        UPDATED                                 STATUS         CHART            APP VERSION
liruilongdb     liruilong-network-create        1               2022-01-13 02:42:41.537928447 +0800 CST deployed       mysql-1.6.4      5.7.30
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

在helm install命令的执行过程中，可以使用helm status命令跟踪 Release的状态：Helm不会等待所有创建过程的完成，这是因为有些Chart的Docker镜像较大，会消耗很长的时间进行下载和创建

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm status  liruilongdb
NAME: liruilongdb
LAST DEPLOYED: Thu Jan 13 02:42:41 2022
NAMESPACE: liruilong-network-create
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
MySQL can be accessed via port 3306 on the following DNS name from within your cluster:
liruilongdb-mysql.liruilong-network-create.svc.cluster.local

To get your root password run:

    MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=$(kubectl get secret --namespace liruilong-network-create liruilongdb-mysql -o jsonpath="{.data.mysql-root-password}" | base64 --decode; echo)

To connect to your database:

1. Run an Ubuntu pod that you can use as a client:

    kubectl run -i --tty ubuntu --image=ubuntu:16.04 --restart=Never -- bash -il

2. Install the mysql client:

    $ apt-get update && apt-get install mysql-client -y

3. Connect using the mysql cli, then provide your password:
    $ mysql -h liruilongdb-mysql -p

To connect to your database directly from outside the K8s cluster:
    MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
    MYSQL_PORT=3306

    # Execute the following command to route the connection:
    kubectl port-forward svc/liruilongdb-mysql 3306

    mysql -h ${MYSQL_HOST} -P${MYSQL_PORT} -u root -p${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}

在成功安装Chart后，系统会在当前命名空间内创建一个ConfigMap用于保存Release对象的数据

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl  get configmaps
NAME                     DATA   AGE
kube-root-ca.crt         1      12d
liruilongdb-mysql-test   1      2d19h

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl  describe configmaps liruilongdb-mysql-test
Name:         liruilongdb-mysql-test
Namespace:    liruilong-network-create
Labels:       app=liruilongdb-mysql
              app.kubernetes.io/managed-by=Helm
              chart=mysql-1.6.4
              heritage=Helm
              release=liruilongdb
Annotations:  meta.helm.sh/release-name: liruilongdb
              meta.helm.sh/release-namespace: liruilong-network-create

Data
====
run.sh:
----
@test "Testing MySQL Connection" {
  mysql --host=liruilongdb-mysql --port=3306 -u root -ptesting
}

BinaryData
====

Events:  <none>
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

查看创建pod运行状态

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl  get pods
NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS      AGE
liruilongdb-mysql-5cbf489f65-6ff4q   1/1     Running   1 (56m ago)   26h
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm delete liruilongdb
release "liruilongdb" uninstalled
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl  get pods
NAME                                 READY   STATUS        RESTARTS      AGE
liruilongdb-mysql-5cbf489f65-6ff4q   1/1     Terminating   1 (57m ago)   26h
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

Kubernetes监控管理

Kubernetes平台搭建好后,了解Kubernetes平台及在此平台上部署的应用的运行状况,以及处理系统主要告誓及性能瓶颈,这些都依赖监控管理系统。

Kubernetes的早期版本依靠Heapster来实现完整的性能数据采集和监控功能, Kubernetes从1.8版本开始,性能数据开始以Metrics APl的方式提供标准化接口,并且从1.10版本开始将Heapster替换为MetricsServer。

在Kubernetes新的监控体系中:Metrics Server用于提供核心指标(Core Metrics) ,包括Node, Pod的CPU和内存使用指标。对其他自定义指标(Custom Metrics)的监控则由Prometheus等组件来完成。

监控节点状态,我们使用docker的话可以通过docker stats.

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$docker stats
CONTAINER ID   NAME                                                                                                                             CPU %     MEM USAGE / LIMIT     MEM %     NET I/O   BLOCK I/O     PIDS
781c898eea19   k8s_kube-scheduler_kube-scheduler-vms81.liruilongs.github.io_kube-system_5bd71ffab3a1f1d18cb589aa74fe082b_18                     0.15%     23.22MiB / 3.843GiB   0.59%     0B / 0B   0B / 0B       7
acac8b21bb57   k8s_kube-controller-manager_kube-controller-manager-vms81.liruilongs.github.io_kube-system_93d9ae7b5a4ccec4429381d493b5d475_18   1.18%     59.16MiB / 3.843GiB   1.50%     0B / 0B   0B / 0B       6
fe97754d3dab   k8s_calico-node_calico-node-skzjp_kube-system_a211c8be-3ee1-44a0-a4ce-3573922b65b2_14                                            4.89%     94.25MiB / 3.843GiB   2.39%     0B / 0B   0B / 4.1kB    40

那使用k8s的话，我们可以通过Metrics Server监控Pod和Node的CPU和内存资源使用数据

Metrics Server:集群性能监控平台

Metrics Server在部署完成后，将通过Kubernetes核心API Server 的/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1路径提供Pod和Node的监控数据。

安装Metrics Server

Metrics Server源代码和部署配置可以在GitHub代码库

curl -Ls https://api.github.com/repos/kubernetes-sigs/metrics-server/tarball/v0.3.6 -o metrics-server-v0.3.6.tar.gz

相关镜像

docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6

镜像小伙伴可以下载一下，这里我已经下载好了，直接上传导入镜像

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible all -m copy -a "src=./metrics-img.tar dest=/root/metrics-img.tar"
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible all -m shell -a "systemctl restart docker "
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

192.168.26.81 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

通过docker命令导入镜像

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible all -m shell -a "docker load -i /root/metrics-img.tar"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Loaded image: k8s.gcr.io/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6
192.168.26.81 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Loaded image: k8s.gcr.io/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Loaded image: k8s.gcr.io/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$

修改metrics-server-deployment.yaml

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$mv kubernetes-sigs-metrics-server-d1f4f6f/ metrics
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$cd metrics/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/metrics]
└─$ls
cmd                 deploy      hack      OWNERS          README.md          version
code-of-conduct.md  Gopkg.lock  LICENSE   OWNERS_ALIASES  SECURITY_CONTACTS
CONTRIBUTING.md     Gopkg.toml  Makefile  pkg             vendor
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/metrics]
└─$cd deploy/1.8+/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/metrics/deploy/1.8+]
└─$ls
aggregated-metrics-reader.yaml  metrics-apiservice.yaml         resource-reader.yaml
auth-delegator.yaml             metrics-server-deployment.yaml
auth-reader.yaml                metrics-server-service.yaml

这里修改一些镜像获取策略，因为Githup上的镜像拉去不下来，或者拉去比较麻烦，所以我们提前上传好

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/metrics/deploy/1.8+]
└─$vim metrics-server-deployment.yaml

 31       - name: metrics-server
 32         image: k8s.gcr.io/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6
 33         #imagePullPolicy: Always
 34         imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
 35         command:
 36         - /metrics-server
 37         - --metric-resolution=30s
 38         - --kubelet-insecure-tls
 39         - --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP
 40         volumeMounts:

运行资源文件，创建相关资源对象

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/metrics/deploy/1.8+]
└─$kubectl apply -f .

查看pod列表，metrics-server创建成功

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/metrics/deploy/1.8+]
└─$kubectl  get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
calico-kube-controllers-78d6f96c7b-79xx4             1/1     Running   2          3h15m
calico-node-ntm7v                                    1/1     Running   1          12h
calico-node-skzjp                                    1/1     Running   4          12h
calico-node-v7pj5                                    1/1     Running   1          12h
coredns-545d6fc579-9h2z4                             1/1     Running   2          3h15m
coredns-545d6fc579-xgn8x                             1/1     Running   2          3h16m
etcd-vms81.liruilongs.github.io                      1/1     Running   1          13h
kube-apiserver-vms81.liruilongs.github.io            1/1     Running   2          13h
kube-controller-manager-vms81.liruilongs.github.io   1/1     Running   4          13h
kube-proxy-rbhgf                                     1/1     Running   1          13h
kube-proxy-vm2sf                                     1/1     Running   1          13h
kube-proxy-zzbh9                                     1/1     Running   1          13h
kube-scheduler-vms81.liruilongs.github.io            1/1     Running   5          13h
metrics-server-bcfb98c76-gttkh                       1/1     Running   0          70m

通过kubectl top nodes命令测试，

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/metrics/deploy/1.8+]
└─$kubectl top nodes
W1007 14:23:06.102605  102831 top_node.go:119] Using json format to get metrics. Next release will switch to protocol-buffers, switch early by passing --use-protocol-buffers flag
NAME                         CPU(cores)   CPU%   MEMORY(bytes)   MEMORY%
vms81.liruilongs.github.io   555m         27%    2025Mi          52%
vms82.liruilongs.github.io   204m         10%    595Mi           15%
vms83.liruilongs.github.io   214m         10%    553Mi           14%
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/metrics/deploy/1.8+]
└─$

Prometheus+Grafana+NodeExporter:集群监控平台

在各个计算节点上部署NodeExporter采集CPU、内存、磁盘及IO信息,并将这些信息传输给监控节点上的Prometheus服务器进行存储分析,通过Grafana进行可视化监控,

Prometheus

Prometheus是一款开源的监控解决方案,由SoundCloud公司开发的开源监控系统，是继Kubernetes之后CNCF第2个孵化成功的项目，在容器和微服务领域得到了广泛应用,能在监控Kubernetes平台的同时监控部署在此平台中的应用,它提供了一系列工具集及多维度监控指标。Prometheus依赖Grafana实现数据可视化。

Prometheus的主要特点如下:

使用指标名称及键值对标识的多维度数据模型。
采用灵活的查询语言PromQL。
不依赖分布式存储，为自治的单节点服务。
使用HTTP完成对监控数据的拉取。
支持通过网关推送时序数据。
支持多种图形和Dashboard的展示，例如Grafana。

Prometheus生态系统由各种组件组成，用于功能的扩充:

组件	描述
Prometheus Server	负责监控数据采集和时序数据存储，并提供数据查询功能。
客户端SDK	对接Prometheus的开发工具包。
Push Gateway	推送数据的网关组件。
第三方Exporter	各种外部指标收集系统,其数据可以被Prometheus采集
AlertManager	告警管理器。
其他辅助支持工具	–

Prometheus的核心组件Prometheus Server的主要功能包括:

从Kubernetes Master获取需要监控的资源或服务信息;从各种Exporter抓取(Pull)指标数据,然后将指标数据保存在时序数据库(TSDB)中;向其他系统提供HTTP API进行查询;提供基于PromQL语言的数据查询;可以将告警数据推送(Push)给AlertManager,等等。

Prometheus的系统架构:

NodeExporter

NodeExporter主要用来采集服务器CPU、内存、磁盘、IO等信息,是机器数据的通用采集方案。只要在宿主机上安装NodeExporter和cAdisor容器,通过Prometheus进行抓取即可。它同Zabbix的功能相似.

Grafana

Grafana是一个Dashboard工具,用Go和JS开发,它是一个时间序列数据库的界面展示层,通过SQL命令查询出Metrics并将结果展示出来。它能自定义多种仪表盘,可以轻松实现覆盖多个Docker的宿主机监控信息的展现。

搭建Prometheus+Grafana+NodeExporter平台

这里我们通过helm的方式搭建，简单方便快捷，运行之后，相关的镜像都会创建成功.下面是创建成功的镜像列表。

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$kubectl get pods
NAME                                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS      AGE
alertmanager-liruilong-kube-prometheus-alertmanager-0   2/2     Running   0             61m
liruilong-grafana-5955564c75-zpbjq                      3/3     Running   0             62m
liruilong-kube-prometheus-operator-5cb699b469-fbkw5     1/1     Running   0             62m
liruilong-kube-state-metrics-5dcf758c47-bbwt4           1/1     Running   7 (32m ago)   62m
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-rfsc5                1/1     Running   0             62m
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-vm7s9                1/1     Running   0             62m
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-z9j8b                1/1     Running   0             62m
prometheus-liruilong-kube-prometheus-prometheus-0       2/2     Running   0             61m
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$

环境版本

我的K8s集群版本

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl  get nodes
NAME                         STATUS   ROLES                  AGE   VERSION
vms81.liruilongs.github.io   Ready    control-plane,master   34d   v1.22.2
vms82.liruilongs.github.io   Ready    <none>                 34d   v1.22.2
vms83.liruilongs.github.io   Ready    <none>                 34d   v1.22.2

hrlm版本

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm version
version.BuildInfo{Version:"v3.2.1", GitCommit:"fe51cd1e31e6a202cba7dead9552a6d418ded79a", GitTreeState:"clean", GoVersion:"go1.13.10"}

`prometheus-operator`(旧名字)安装出现的问题

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm  search repo prometheus-operator
NAME                            CHART VERSION   APP VERSION     DESCRIPTION
ali/prometheus-operator         8.7.0           0.35.0          Provides easy monitoring definitions for Kubern...
azure/prometheus-operator       9.3.2           0.38.1          DEPRECATED Provides easy monitoring definitions...
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm install liruilong  ali/prometheus-operator
Error: failed to install CRD crds/crd-alertmanager.yaml: unable to recognize "": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm pull  ali/prometheus-operator
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

解决办法:新版本安装

直接下载kube-prometheus-stack(新)的chart包，通过命令安装：

https://github.com/prometheus-community/helm-charts/releases/download/kube-prometheus-stack-30.0.1/kube-prometheus-stack-30.0.1.tgz

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
index.yaml  kube-prometheus-stack-30.0.1.tgz  liruilonghelm  liruilonghelm-0.1.0.tgz  mysql  mysql-1.6.4.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$helm list
NAME    NAMESPACE       REVISION        UPDATED STATUS  CHART   APP VERSION

解压chart包kube-prometheus-stack-30.0.1.tgz

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$tar -zxf kube-prometheus-stack-30.0.1.tgz

创建新的命名空间

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cd kube-prometheus-stack/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$kubectl create ns monitoring
namespace/monitoring created
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$kubectl config  set-context $(kubectl config current-context) --namespace=monitoring
Context "kubernetes-admin@kubernetes" modified.

进入文件夹，直接通过helm install liruilong .安装

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$ls
Chart.lock  charts  Chart.yaml  CONTRIBUTING.md  crds  README.md  templates  values.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$helm install liruilong .

kube-prometheus-admission-create对应Pod的相关镜像下载不下来问题

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl get pods
NAME                                                  READY   STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE
liruilong-kube-prometheus-admission-create--1-bn7x2   0/1     ImagePullBackOff   0          33s

查看pod详细信息，发现是谷歌的一个镜像国内无法下载

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl  describe pod  liruilong-kube-prometheus-admission-create--1-bn7x2
Name:         liruilong-kube-prometheus-admission-create--1-bn7x2
Namespace:    monitoring
Priority:     0
Node:         vms83.liruilongs.github.io/192.168.26.83
Start Time:   Sun, 16 Jan 2022 02:43:07 +0800
Labels:       app=kube-prometheus-stack-admission-create
              app.kubernetes.io/instance=liruilong
              app.kubernetes.io/managed-by=Helm
              app.kubernetes.io/part-of=kube-prometheus-stack
              app.kubernetes.io/version=30.0.1
              chart=kube-prometheus-stack-30.0.1
              controller-uid=2ce48cd2-a118-4e23-a27f-0228ef6c45e7
              heritage=Helm
              job-name=liruilong-kube-prometheus-admission-create
              release=liruilong
Annotations:  cni.projectcalico.org/podIP: 10.244.70.8/32
              cni.projectcalico.org/podIPs: 10.244.70.8/32
Status:       Pending
IP:           10.244.70.8
IPs:
  IP:           10.244.70.8
Controlled By:  Job/liruilong-kube-prometheus-admission-create
Containers:
  create:
    Container ID:
    Image:         k8s.gcr.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.0@sha256:f3b6b39a6062328c095337b4cadcefd1612348fdd5190b1dcbcb9b9e90bd8068
    Image ID:
    Port:          <none>
    Host Port:
    。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

在dokcer仓库里找了一个类似的，通过 kubectl edit修改

image: k8s.gcr.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.0  替换为 ： docker.io/liangjw/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.1.1

或者也可以修改配置文件从新install(记得要把sha注释掉)

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$ls
index.yaml  kube-prometheus-stack  kube-prometheus-stack-30.0.1.tgz  liruilonghelm  liruilonghelm-0.1.0.tgz  mysql  mysql-1.6.4.tgz
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cd kube-prometheus-stack/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$ls
Chart.lock  charts  Chart.yaml  CONTRIBUTING.md  crds  README.md  templates  values.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$cat values.yaml | grep -A 3 -B 2 kube-webhook-certgen
      enabled: true
      image:
        repository: docker.io/liangjw/kube-webhook-certgen
        tag: v1.1.1
        #sha: "f3b6b39a6062328c095337b4cadcefd1612348fdd5190b1dcbcb9b9e90bd8068"
        pullPolicy: IfNotPresent
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$helm del liruilong;helm install liruilong .

之后其他的相关pod正常创建中

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$kubectl get pods
NAME                                                  READY   STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
liruilong-grafana-5955564c75-zpbjq                    0/3     ContainerCreating   0          27s
liruilong-kube-prometheus-operator-5cb699b469-fbkw5   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          27s
liruilong-kube-state-metrics-5dcf758c47-bbwt4         0/1     ContainerCreating   0          27s
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-rfsc5              0/1     ContainerCreating   0          28s
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-vm7s9              0/1     ContainerCreating   0          28s
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-z9j8b              0/1     ContainerCreating   0          28s

kube-state-metrics这个pod的镜像也没有拉取下来。应该也是相同的原因

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$kubectl get pods
NAME                                                    READY   STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE
alertmanager-liruilong-kube-prometheus-alertmanager-0   2/2     Running            0          3m35s
liruilong-grafana-5955564c75-zpbjq                      3/3     Running            0          4m46s
liruilong-kube-prometheus-operator-5cb699b469-fbkw5     1/1     Running            0          4m46s
liruilong-kube-state-metrics-5dcf758c47-bbwt4           0/1     ImagePullBackOff   0          4m46s
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-rfsc5                1/1     Running            0          4m47s
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-vm7s9                1/1     Running            0          4m47s
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-z9j8b                1/1     Running            0          4m47s
prometheus-liruilong-kube-prometheus-prometheus-0       2/2     Running            0          3m34s

同样 k8s.gcr.io/kube-state-metrics/kube-state-metrics:v2.3.0 这个镜像没办法拉取

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$kubectl  describe  pod liruilong-kube-state-metrics-5dcf758c47-bbwt4
Name:         liruilong-kube-state-metrics-5dcf758c47-bbwt4
Namespace:    monitoring
Priority:     0
Node:         vms82.liruilongs.github.io/192.168.26.82
Start Time:   Sun, 16 Jan 2022 02:59:53 +0800
Labels:       app.kubernetes.io/component=metrics
              app.kubernetes.io/instance=liruilong
              app.kubernetes.io/managed-by=Helm
              app.kubernetes.io/name=kube-state-metrics
              app.kubernetes.io/part-of=kube-state-metrics
              app.kubernetes.io/version=2.3.0
              helm.sh/chart=kube-state-metrics-4.3.0
              pod-template-hash=5dcf758c47
              release=liruilong
Annotations:  cni.projectcalico.org/podIP: 10.244.171.153/32
              cni.projectcalico.org/podIPs: 10.244.171.153/32
Status:       Pending
IP:           10.244.171.153
IPs:
  IP:           10.244.171.153
Controlled By:  ReplicaSet/liruilong-kube-state-metrics-5dcf758c47
Containers:
  kube-state-metrics:
    Container ID:
    Image:         k8s.gcr.io/kube-state-metrics/kube-state-metrics:v2.3.0
    Image ID:
    Port:          8080/TCP
    。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

同样的，我们通过docker仓库找一下相同的,然后通过kubectl edit pod修改一下

k8s.gcr.io/kube-state-metrics/kube-state-metrics 替换为： docker.io/dyrnq/kube-state-metrics:v2.3.0

可以先在节点机上拉取一下

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ ansible node -m shell -a "docker pull dyrnq/kube-state-metrics:v2.3.0"
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
v2.3.0: Pulling from dyrnq/kube-state-metrics
e8614d09b7be: Pulling fs layer
53ccb90bafd7: Pulling fs layer
e8614d09b7be: Verifying Checksum
e8614d09b7be: Download complete
e8614d09b7be: Pull complete
53ccb90bafd7: Verifying Checksum
53ccb90bafd7: Download complete
53ccb90bafd7: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:c9137505edaef138cc23479c73e46e9a3ef7ec6225b64789a03609c973b99030
Status: Downloaded newer image for dyrnq/kube-state-metrics:v2.3.0
docker.io/dyrnq/kube-state-metrics:v2.3.0
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
v2.3.0: Pulling from dyrnq/kube-state-metrics
e8614d09b7be: Pulling fs layer
53ccb90bafd7: Pulling fs layer
e8614d09b7be: Verifying Checksum
e8614d09b7be: Download complete
e8614d09b7be: Pull complete
53ccb90bafd7: Verifying Checksum
53ccb90bafd7: Download complete
53ccb90bafd7: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:c9137505edaef138cc23479c73e46e9a3ef7ec6225b64789a03609c973b99030
Status: Downloaded newer image for dyrnq/kube-state-metrics:v2.3.0
docker.io/dyrnq/kube-state-metrics:v2.3.0

修改完之后，会发现所有的pod都创建成功

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$kubectl get pods
NAME                                                    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS      AGE
alertmanager-liruilong-kube-prometheus-alertmanager-0   2/2     Running   0             61m
liruilong-grafana-5955564c75-zpbjq                      3/3     Running   0             62m
liruilong-kube-prometheus-operator-5cb699b469-fbkw5     1/1     Running   0             62m
liruilong-kube-state-metrics-5dcf758c47-bbwt4           1/1     Running   7 (32m ago)   62m
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-rfsc5                1/1     Running   0             62m
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-vm7s9                1/1     Running   0             62m
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-z9j8b                1/1     Running   0             62m
prometheus-liruilong-kube-prometheus-prometheus-0       2/2     Running   0             61m
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$

然后我们需要修改liruilong-grafana SVC的类型为NodePort，这样，物理机就可以访问了

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack/templates]
└─$kubectl  get svc
NAME                                     TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)                      AGE
alertmanager-operated                    ClusterIP   None             <none>        9093/TCP,9094/TCP,9094/UDP   33m
liruilong-grafana                        ClusterIP   10.99.220.121    <none>        80/TCP                       34m
liruilong-kube-prometheus-alertmanager   ClusterIP   10.97.193.228    <none>        9093/TCP                     34m
liruilong-kube-prometheus-operator       ClusterIP   10.101.106.93    <none>        443/TCP                      34m
liruilong-kube-prometheus-prometheus     ClusterIP   10.105.176.19    <none>        9090/TCP                     34m
liruilong-kube-state-metrics             ClusterIP   10.98.94.55      <none>        8080/TCP                     34m
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter       ClusterIP   10.110.216.215   <none>        9100/TCP                     34m
prometheus-operated                      ClusterIP   None             <none>        9090/TCP                     33m
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack]
└─$kubectl edit svc liruilong-grafana
service/liruilong-grafana edited
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack/templates]
└─$kubectl  get svc
NAME                                     TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)                      AGE
alertmanager-operated                    ClusterIP   None             <none>        9093/TCP,9094/TCP,9094/UDP   35m
liruilong-grafana                        NodePort    10.99.220.121    <none>        80:30443/TCP                 36m
liruilong-kube-prometheus-alertmanager   ClusterIP   10.97.193.228    <none>        9093/TCP                     36m
liruilong-kube-prometheus-operator       ClusterIP   10.101.106.93    <none>        443/TCP                      36m
liruilong-kube-prometheus-prometheus     ClusterIP   10.105.176.19    <none>        9090/TCP                     36m
liruilong-kube-state-metrics             ClusterIP   10.98.94.55      <none>        8080/TCP                     36m
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter       ClusterIP   10.110.216.215   <none>        9100/TCP                     36m
prometheus-operated                      ClusterIP   None             <none>        9090/TCP                     35m

物理机访问

通过secrets解密获取用户名密码

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack/templates]
└─$kubectl get secrets | grep grafana
liruilong-grafana                                                  Opaque                                3      38m
liruilong-grafana-test-token-q8z8j                                 kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      38m
liruilong-grafana-token-j94p8                                      kubernetes.io/service-account-token   3      38m
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack/templates]
└─$kubectl get secrets liruilong-grafana -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
  admin-password: cHJvbS1vcGVyYXRvcg==
  admin-user: YWRtaW4=
  ldap-toml: ""
kind: Secret
metadata:
  annotations:
    meta.helm.sh/release-name: liruilong
    meta.helm.sh/release-namespace: monitoring
  creationTimestamp: "2022-01-15T18:59:40Z"
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: liruilong
    app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
    app.kubernetes.io/name: grafana
    app.kubernetes.io/version: 8.3.3
    helm.sh/chart: grafana-6.20.5
  name: liruilong-grafana
  namespace: monitoring
  resourceVersion: "1105663"
  uid: c03ff5f3-deb5-458c-8583-787f41034469
type: Opaque
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack/templates]
└─$kubectl get secrets liruilong-grafana -o jsonpath='{.data.admin-user}}'| base64 -d
adminbase64: 输入无效
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create/kube-prometheus-stack/templates]
└─$kubectl get secrets liruilong-grafana -o jsonpath='{.data.admin-password}}'| base64 -d
prom-operatorbase64: 输入无效

得到用户名密码：admin/prom-operator

正常登录，查看监控信息

安全管理

API Server认证管理

Kubernetes集群中所有资源的访问和变更都是通过Kubernetes API Server的REST API来实现的,所以集群安全的关键点就在于如何鉴权和授权

一个简单的Demo,在master节点上,我们通过root用户可以直接通kubectl来请求API Service从而获取集群信息,但是我们通过其他用户登录就没有这个权限,这就涉及到k8s的一个认证问题.

root用户可以正常访问

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl  get pods
NAME                                                  READY   STATUS        RESTARTS       AGE
liruilong-grafana-5955564c75-zpbjq                    3/3     Terminating   0              8h
liruilong-kube-prometheus-operator-5cb699b469-fbkw5   1/1     Terminating   0              8h
liruilong-prometheus-node-exporter-vm7s9              1/1     Terminating   2 (109m ago)   8h
prometheus-liruilong-kube-prometheus-prometheus-0     2/2     Terminating   0              8h
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

切换tom用户来访问，没有权限，报错找不到集群ＡＰＩ的位置，那么为什么会这样呢？

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$su tom
[tom@vms81 k8s-helm-create]$ kubectl  get pods
The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
[tom@vms81 k8s-helm-create]$ exit
exit

为了演示认证，我们需要在集群外的机器上安装一个客户端工具kubectl，用于和集群的入口api-Service交互

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ yum install -y kubectl-1.22.2-0 --disableexcludes=kubernetes

可以通过kubectl cluster-info来查看集群的相关信息

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes control plane is running at https://192.168.26.81:6443
CoreDNS is running at https://192.168.26.81:6443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy
Metrics-server is running at https://192.168.26.81:6443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/https:metrics-server:/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

Kubernetes集群提供了3种级别的客户端身份认证方式

HTTP Token认证：通过一个Token来识别合法用户。
HTTPS 证书认证：基于CA根证书签名的双向数字证书认证方式
HTTP Base认证：通过用户名+密码的方式认证，这个只有1.19之前的版本适用，之后的版本不在支持

下面就Token和SSL和小伙伴分享下，Bash因为在高版本的K8s中不在支持，所以我们这里不聊。关于上面的普通用户范围集群的问题，我们也会改出解答

HTTP Token认证

HTTP Token的认证是用一个很长的特殊编码方式的并且难以被模仿的字符串Token来表明客户身份的一种方式。

每个Token对应一个用户名,存储在APIServer能访问的一个文件中。当客户端发起API调用请求时,需要在HTTP Header里放入Token,这样一来, API Server就能识别合法用户和非法用户了。

当 API 服务器的命令行设置了--token-auth-file=SOMEFILE选项时，会从文件中读取持有者令牌。目前，令牌会长期有效，并且在不重启 API 服务器的情况下无法更改令牌列表。下面我们一个通过Demo来演示通过静态Token的用户认证,

通过openssl生成一个令牌

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$openssl rand -hex 10
4bf636c8214b7ff0a0fb

令牌文件是一个 CSV 文件，包含至少 3 个列：令牌、用户名和用户的 UID。其余列被视为可选的组名。这里需要注意的是，令牌文件要放到/etc/kubernetes/pki目录下才可以，可能默认读取令牌的位置即是这个位置

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$echo "4bf636c8214b7ff0a0fb,admin2,3" > /etc/kubernetes/pki/liruilong.csv
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cat /etc/kubernetes/pki/liruilong.csv
4bf636c8214b7ff0a0fb,admin2,3

通过Sed添加kube-apiserver服务启动参数，- --token-auth-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/liruilong.csv

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$sed  '17a \ \ \ \ - --token-auth-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/liruilong.csv' /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml | grep -A 5  command
  - command:
    - kube-apiserver
    - --advertise-address=192.168.26.81
    - --allow-privileged=true
    - --token-auth-file=/etc/kubernetes/liruilong.csv
    - --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$sed -i  '17a \ \ \ \ - --token-auth-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/liruilong.csv' /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml

检查修改的启动参数

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$cat -n /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml | grep -A 5  command
    14    - command:
    15      - kube-apiserver
    16      - --advertise-address=192.168.26.81
    17      - --allow-privileged=true
    18      - --token-auth-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/liruilong.csv
    19      - --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

重启kubelet服务

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$systemctl restart kubelet
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-helm-create]
└─$

确认集群能够正常访问

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/etc/kubernetes/pki]
└─$kubectl get nodes
NAME                         STATUS     ROLES                  AGE   VERSION
vms81.liruilongs.github.io   Ready      control-plane,master   34d   v1.22.2
vms82.liruilongs.github.io   Ready      <none>                 34d   v1.22.2
vms83.liruilongs.github.io   NotReady   <none>                 34d   v1.22.2
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/etc/kubernetes/pki]
└─$

在集群外的客户机访问集群信息，这里提示我们admin2用户没有访问的权限，说明已经认证成功了，只是没有权限

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl -s="https://192.168.26.81:6443" --insecure-skip-tls-verify=true  --token="4bf636c8214b7ff0a0fb" get pods -n kube-system
Error from server (Forbidden): pods is forbidden: User "admin2" cannot list resource "pods" in API group "" in the namespace "kube-system"
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

这里我们修改一些token的字符串，Token和集群的Token文件不对应，会提示我们没有获得授权，即认证失败

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl -s="https://192.168.26.81:6443" --insecure-skip-tls-verify=true  --token="4bf636c8214b7ff0a0f" get pods -n kube-system
error: You must be logged in to the server (Unauthorized)

kubeconfig文件认证

在回到我们之前的那个问题，为什么使用root用户可以访问集群信息，但是通过tom用户去不能够访问集群信息，这里就涉及到一个kubeconfig 文件认证的问题

在通过kubeadm创建集群的时候，不知道小伙伴没还记不记得下面这个文件admin.conf，这个文件就是kubeadm帮我们生成的kubeconfig文件

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/.kube]
└─$ll /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
-rw------- 1 root root 5676 12月 13 02:13 /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/.kube]
└─$

我们把这个文件拷贝到tom用户的目录下，修改权限

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/.kube]
└─$cp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf   ~tom/
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/.kube]
└─$chown tom:tom ~tom/admin.conf

这个时候发现通过 --kubeconfig=admin.conf 指定这个文件，就可以访问集群信息

[tom@vms81 home]$ cd tom/
[tom@vms81 ~]$ ls
admin.conf
[tom@vms81 ~]$ kubectl get pods
The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
[tom@vms81 ~]$ kubectl get pods -A --kubeconfig=admin.conf
NAMESPACE                  NAME                                                  READY   STATUS             RESTARTS          AGE
ingress-nginx              ingress-nginx-controller-744d4fc6b7-t9n4l             1/1     Running            6 (8h ago)        44h
kube-system                calico-kube-controllers-78d6f96c7b-85rv9              1/1     Running            193               31d
kube-system                calico-node-6nfqv                                     1/1     Running            254               34d
kube-system                calico-node-fv458                                     0/1     Running            50                34d
kube-system                calico-node-h5lsq                                     1/1     Running            94 (7h10m ago)    34d
kube-system       ..........................

那个，kubeconfig文件是个什么东西，官方文档中这样描述：

使用 kubeconfig 文件来组织有关集群、用户、命名空间和身份认证机制的信息。kubectl 命令行工具使用 kubeconfig 文件来查找选择集群所需的信息，并与集群的 API 服务器进行通信。

换句话讲，通过kubeconfig与集群的 API 服务器进行通信，类似上面的Token的作用，我们要说的HTTPS证书认证就是放到这里

默认情况下，kubectl 在 $HOME/.kube 目录下查找名为 config 的文件。

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ls ~/.kube/config
/root/.kube/config
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ll ~/.kube/config
-rw------- 1 root root 5663 1月  16 02:33 /root/.kube/config

将kubeconfig文件复制到 $HOME/.kube 目录下改名为 config 发现tom用户依旧可以访问

[tom@vms81 ~]$ ls
admin.conf
[tom@vms81 ~]$ cp admin.conf  .kube/config
[tom@vms81 ~]$ kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS          AGE
calico-kube-controllers-78d6f96c7b-85rv9             1/1     Running   193               31d
calico-node-6nfqv                                    1/1     Running   254               34d
calico-node-fv458                                    0/1     Running   50                34d
calico-node-h5lsq                                    1/1     Running   94 (7h13m ago)    34d
。。。。。。。

也可以通过设置 KUBECONFIG 环境变量或者设置 --kubeconfig参数来指定其他kubeconfig文件。

[tom@vms81 ~]$ export KUBECONFIG=admin.conf
[tom@vms81 ~]$ kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS          AGE
calico-kube-controllers-78d6f96c7b-85rv9             1/1     Running   193               31d
calico-node-6nfqv                                    1/1     Running   254               34d
calico-node-fv458                                    0/1     Running   50                34d
calico-node-h5lsq                                    1/1     Running   94 (7h11m ago)    34d
..............

当我们什么都不设置时，tom用户获取不到kubeconfig文件，没有认证信息，无法访问

[tom@vms81 ~]$ unset KUBECONFIG
[tom@vms81 ~]$ kubectl get pods -n kube-system
The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?

查看kubeconfig文件的配置信息

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/.kube]
└─$kubectl config view

apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: DATA+OMITTED
    server: https://192.168.26.81:6443
  name: kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: kubernetes
    namespace: liruilong-rbac-create
    user: kubernetes-admin
  name: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
current-context: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: kubernetes-admin
  user:
    client-certificate-data: REDACTED
    client-key-data: REDACTED
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/.kube]
└─$

所以我们要想访问集群信息，只需要把这个kubeconfig 文件拷贝到客户机上就OK了

但是kubeadm对 admin.conf 中的证书进行签名时，将其配置为 Subject: O = system:masters, CN = kubernetes-admin。system:masters是一个例外的、超级用户组，可以绕过鉴权层（例如 RBAC）。所以不能将admin.conf文件与任何人共享，应该使用kubeadm kubeconfig user命令为其他用户生成 kubeconfig 文件，完成对他们的定制授权。

创建 kubeconfig 文件

一个kubeconfig 文件包括一下几部分：

集群信息：
- 集群CA证书
- 集群地址
上下文信息
- 所有上下文信息
- 当前上下文
用户信息
- 用户CA证书
- 用户私钥

要创建 kubeconfig 文件的话，我们需要一个私钥，以及集群 CA 授权颁发的证书。同理我们不能直接用私钥生成公钥，而必须是用私钥生成证书请求文件(申请书)，然后根据证书请求文件向 CA(权威机构)申请证书(身份证)，CA 审核通过之后会颁发证书。

环境准备

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl create ns liruilong-rbac-create
namespace/liruilong-rbac-create created
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$mkdir k8s-rbac-create;cd k8s-rbac-create
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl config set-context $(kubectl config current-context) --namespace=liruilong-rbac-create
Context "kubernetes-admin@kubernetes" modified.
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

申请证书

生成一个 2048 位的私钥 iruilong.key 文件

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$openssl genrsa -out liruilong.key 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
....................+++
...........................................................................................................+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)

查看私钥文件

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$cat liruilong.key
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAt9OBnwaA3VdFfjdiurJPtcaiXOGPc1AWFmrlgocq4vT5WZgq
..............................
..................................
LHd0n1yCKpwbYMGghF4iGmEGIIdsCVZP+EV6lduPKjqEm9kjuLROKzRZHFoGyASO
Krb3VR4CKHvnZAPVctv7Pu+4JgMliJHl8GVYhqM5UykbLRMdNHSNIQ==
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

利用刚生成的私有 liruilong.key 生成证书请求文件 liruilong.key：这里CN的值 liruilong，就是后面我们授权的用户。

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$openssl req -new -key liruilong.key -out liruilong.csr -subj "/CN=liruilong/O=cka2020"
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$ls
liruilong.csr  liruilong.key

对证书请求文件进行 base64 编码

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$cat liruilong.csr | base64 |tr -d "\n"
LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBDRVJUSUZJ...............

编写申请证书请求文件的 yaml 文件:cat csr.yaml

apiVersion: certificates.k8s.io/v1
kind: CertificateSigningRequest
metadata:
  name: liruilong
spec:
  signerName: kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client
  request: LS0tLS1CRUdJTiBDRVJUSUZJ...............
  usages:
  - client auth

这里 request 里的是 base64 编码之后的证书请求文件。申请证书

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl apply -f csr.yaml
certificatesigningrequest.certificates.k8s.io/liruilong created

查看已经发出证书申请请求：

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl  get csr
NAME        AGE   SIGNERNAME                            REQUESTOR          REQUESTEDDURATION   CONDITION
liruilong   15s   kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client   kubernetes-admin   <none>              Pending

批准证书：

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl certificate approve liruilong
certificatesigningrequest.certificates.k8s.io/liruilong approved

查看审批通过的证书：

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl get csr/liruilong -o yaml

apiVersion: certificates.k8s.io/v1
kind: CertificateSigningRequest
metadata:
  annotations:
    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
      {"apiVersion":"certificates.k8s.io/v1","kind":"CertificateSigningRequest","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"liruilong"},"spec":{"request":"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","signerName":"kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client","usages":["client auth"]}}
  creationTimestamp: "2022-01-16T15:25:24Z"
  name: liruilong
  resourceVersion: "1185668"
  uid: 51837659-7214-4dec-bcd4-b7a9129ee2bb
spec:
  groups:
  - system:masters
  - system:authenticated
  request: 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
  signerName: kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client
  usages:
  - client auth
  username: kubernetes-admin
status:
  certificate: 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
  conditions:
  - lastTransitionTime: "2022-01-16T15:26:02Z"
    lastUpdateTime: "2022-01-16T15:26:01Z"
    message: This CSR was approved by kubectl certificate approve.
    reason: KubectlApprove
    status: "True"
    type: Approved

导出证书文件：

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl get csr liruilong -o jsonpath='{.status.certificate}'| base64 -d > liruilong.crt

给用户授权，这里给 liruilong 一个集群角色 cluster-role(类似于root一样的角色)，这样 liruilong 具有管理员权限

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl create clusterrolebinding test  --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user=liruilong
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/test created
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

创建 kubeconfig 文件

拷贝 CA 证书

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$ls
csr.yaml      #(申请证书请求文件yaml)  
liruilong.crt #公钥(证书文件)  
liruilong.csr #(证书请求文件)  
liruilong.key #私钥
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$ls /etc/kubernetes/pki/
apiserver.crt              apiserver.key                 ca.crt  front-proxy-ca.crt      front-proxy-client.key  sa.pub
apiserver-etcd-client.crt  apiserver-kubelet-client.crt  ca.key  front-proxy-ca.key      liruilong.csv
apiserver-etcd-client.key  apiserver-kubelet-client.key  etcd    front-proxy-client.crt  sa.key
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$cp  /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt .

设置集群字段，这里包含集群名字，服务地址和集群证书

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl config --kubeconfig=kc1 set-cluster cluster1  --server=https://192.168.26.81:6443 --certificate-authority=ca.crt --embed-certs=true
Cluster "cluster1" set.

在上面集群中创建一个上下文context1

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl config --kubeconfig=kc1 set-context context1 --cluster=cluster1 --namespace=default --user=liruilong
Context "context1" created.

这里–embed-certs=true 的意思是把证书内容写入到此 kubeconfig 文件里。
设置用户字段，包含用户名字，用户证书，用户私钥

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl config --kubeconfig=kc1 set-credentials liruilong --client-certificate=liruilong.crt --client-key=liruilong.key --embed-certs=true
User "liruilong" set.

查看创建的kubeconfig文件信息

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$cat kc1

apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
    certificate-authority-data: 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
    server: https://192.168.26.81:6443
  name: cluster1
contexts:
- context:
    cluster: cluster1
    namespace: default
    user: liruilong
  name: context1
current-context: ""
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: liruilong
  user:
    client-certificate-data: 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
    client-key-data: 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
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

修改kubeconfig文件当前的上下文为之前创建的上下文

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$sed  's#current-context: ""#current-context: "context1"#' kc1 | grep current-context
current-context: "context1"
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$sed -i  's#current-context: ""#current-context: "context1"#' kc1
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$cat  kc1 | grep current-context
current-context: "context1"

这样 kubeconfig 文件就创建完毕了，下面开始验证 kubeconfig 文件。

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl auth can-i list pods --as liruilong #检查是否具有 list 当前命名空间里的 pod 的权限
yes
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl auth can-i list pods -n kube-system --as liruilong #检查 是否具有 list 命名空间 kube-system 里 pod 的权限
yes
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

拷贝证书到客户机

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$scp kc1  root@192.168.26.55:~

客户机指定证书访问测试

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl --kubeconfig=kc1 get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                                 READY   STATUS        RESTARTS        AGE
calico-kube-controllers-78d6f96c7b-85rv9             1/1     Running       194 (14h ago)   33d
calico-node-6nfqv                                    0/1     Running       255 (14h ago)   35d
calico-node-fv458                                    0/1     Running       50              35d
calico-node-h5lsq                                    1/1     Running       94 (38h ago)    35d
。。。。。。。。。。。。
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

这样一个kubeconfig文件就创建完成

API Server授权管理

环境版本

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl  get nodes
NAME                         STATUS     ROLES                  AGE   VERSION
vms81.liruilongs.github.io   Ready      control-plane,master   41d   v1.22.2
vms82.liruilongs.github.io   Ready      <none>                 41d   v1.22.2
vms83.liruilongs.github.io   Ready      <none>                 41d   v1.22.2

除了k8s集群，我们还用到了集群外的机器liruilongs.github.io,这个机器作为客户器，安装了kubectl客户端，以上传了liruilong用户的kubeconfig证书文件

命名空间环境准备

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl create ns liruilong-rbac-create
namespace/liruilong-rbac-create created
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$mkdir k8s-rbac-create;cd k8s-rbac-create
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl config set-context $(kubectl config current-context) --namespace=liruilong-rbac-create
Context "kubernetes-admin@kubernetes" modified.
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

授权策略简述

当客户端发起API Server调用时, API Server内部要先进行用户认证,然后执行用户鉴权流程,即通过鉴权策略来决定一个API调用是否合法。想来对于开发的小伙伴并不陌生，常用的Spring Security等安全框架，都会涉及认证和鉴权的过程。

既然鉴权，那必有授权的过程，简单地说,授权就是授予不同的用户不同的访问权限。API Server目前支持以下几种授权策略

策略	描述
AlwaysDeny	表示拒绝所有请求,一般用于测试。
AlwaysAllow	允许接收所有请求,如果集群不需要授权流程,则可以采用该策略,这也是Kubernetes的默认配置。
ABAC	(Attribute-Based Access Control)基于属性的访问控制,表示使用用户配置的授权规则对用户请求进行匹配和控制。
Webhook	通过调用外部REST服务对用户进行授权。
RBAC	(Role-Based Access Control)基于角色的访问控制。
Node	是一种专用模式,用于对kubelet发出的请求进行访问控制。

策略的设置通过通过API Server的启动参数"--authorization-mode"设置。

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$cat /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml | grep authorization-mode
    - --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

关于授权策略，AlwaysAllow和AlwaysDeny不多讲，ABAC不够灵活，Node授权器主要用于各个node上的kubelet访问apiserver时使用的，其他一般均由RBAC授权器来授权,下面我们看看RBAC的权限策略

RBAC授权模式

这一块，官方文档写的很详细，详细学习，小伙伴还是去官网看看，这里讲一些常用的完整Demo，官网地址：https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/

RBAC（Role-Based Access Control，基于角色的访问控制）即权限是和角色相关的,而用户则被分配相应的角色作为其成员。

在Kubernetes的1.5版本中引入，在1.6版本时升级为Beta版本，在1.8版本时升级为GA。作为kubeadm安装方式的默认选项，相对于其他访问控制方式，新的RBAC具有如下优势。

对集群中的资源和非资源权限均有完整的覆盖。
整个RBAC完全由几个API对象完成，同其他API对象一样，可以用kubectl或API进行操作。
可以在运行时进行调整，无须重新启动API Server。

要使用RBAC授权模式，需要在API Server的启动参数中加上–authorization-mode=RBAC,如果小伙伴默认使用kubeadm安装，那么默认使用Node,RBAC两种策略

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$cat /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml | grep authorization-mode
    - --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC

RBAC的API资源对象引入了4个新的顶级资源对象:

Role
ClusterRole
RoleBinding
ClusterRoleBinding

同其他API资源对象一样,用户可以使用kubectl或者API调用等方式操作这些资源对象。

角色

角色(Role)一个角色就是一组权限的集合。在同一个命名空间中,可以用Role来定义一个角色,如果是集群级别的,就需要使用ClusterRole了。角色只能对命名空间内的资源进行授权

集群角色(ClusterRole)集群角色除了具有和角色一致的, 命名空间内资源的管理能力,因其集群级别的范围,还可以用于以下特殊元素的授权。

集群范围的资源,例如Node.
非资源型的路径,例如“/api"
包含全部命名空间的资源,例如pods (用于kubectl get pods -all-namespaces这样的操作授权)。

下面我们找一个集群中内置的集群角色管理员看看详细信息

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl describe clusterrole admin
Name:         admin
Labels:       kubernetes.io/bootstrapping=rbac-defaults
Annotations:  rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate: true
PolicyRule:
  Resources                                       Non-Resource URLs  Resource Names  Verbs
  ---------                                       -----------------  --------------  -----
  rolebindings.rbac.authorization.k8s.io          []                 []              [create delete deletecollection get list patch update watch]
  roles.rbac.authorization.k8s.io                 []                 []              [create delete deletecollection get list patch update watch]
  configmaps                                      []                 []              [create delete deletecollection patch update get list watch]
  events                                          []                 []              [create delete deletecollection patch update get list watch]
  persistentvolumeclaims                          []                 []              [create delete deletecollection patch update get list watch]
  pods                                            []                 []              [create delete deletecollection patch update get list watch]
  replicationcontrollers/scale                    []                 []              [create delete deletecollection patch update get list watch]
.........
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

在上面的管理员集群角色中，Resources列为允许访问的资源，Verbs列为允许操作的行为或者动作

角色绑定

有个角色，那么角色和用户或者用户组是如何绑定的，这里就需要角色绑定这个资源对象了，不知道小伙记不记得，我们在做认证的时候，有一个授权的动作
给用户授权，这里给 liruilong 一个集群角色 cluster-role(类似于root一样的角色)，这样 liruilong 具有管理员权限

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl create clusterrolebinding test  --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user=liruilong
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/test created
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

在这里，我们把cluster-admin这个集群角色绑定到了用户liruilong，cluster-admin这个角色相当于是一个root用户的角色

角色绑定(RoleBinding)和集群角色绑定(ClusterRoleBinding) :用来把一个角色绑定到一个目标上,绑定目标可以是User (用户) 、Group (组)或者Service Account。

在一般情况下，使用RoleBinding为某个命名空间授权,使用ClusterRoleBinding为集群范围内授权。

角色绑定的区别：

RoleBinding(角色绑定)可以引用Role进行授权。也可以引用ClusterRole，对属于同一命名空间内ClusterRole定义的资源主体进行授权

ClusterRoleBinding(集群角色绑定)中的角色只能是集群角色(ClusterRole)，用于进行集群级别或者对所有命名空间都生效的授权

实战

角色创建

查看系统中角色

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl  get role
No resources found in liruilong-rbac-create namespace.

创建一个role角色资源对象

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl create role role-liruilong --verb=get,list,watch  --resource=pod --dry-run=client -o yaml

这里我们创建一个角色，名字叫role-liruilong,定义这个角色拥有pod资源的查看详细信息，列表查看，监听，创建的权限

查看资源文件

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: role-liruilong
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create

资源文件属性

apiGroups：支持的API组列表，例如“apiVersion:batch/v1”,“apiVersion: extensions:v1beta1”,“apiVersion: apps/v1beta1”等
resources：支持的资源对象列表，例如pods、deployments、jobs等。
verbs：对资源对象的操作方法列表，例如get、watch、list、delete、replace、patch等

通过yaml文件创建一个role资源对象

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl create role role-liruilong --verb=get,list,watch,create  --resource=pod --dry-run=client -o yaml >role-liruilong.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl apply -f role-liruilong.yaml
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/role-liruilong created

查看角色信息

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl  get role
NAME             CREATED AT
role-liruilong   2022-01-23T13:17:15Z

查看角色详细信息

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl describe role role-liruilong
Name:         role-liruilong
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
PolicyRule:
  Resources  Non-Resource URLs  Resource Names  Verbs
  ---------  -----------------  --------------  -----
  pods       []                 []              [get list watch create]

创建角色绑定

绑定角色到liruilong用户

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl create  rolebinding  rbind-liruilong --role=role-liruilong --user=liruilong
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/rbind-liruilong created

查看角色绑定

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl  get rolebindings
NAME              ROLE                  AGE
rbind-liruilong   Role/role-liruilong   23s

查看绑定角色的详细信息

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl describe rolebindings rbind-liruilong
Name:         rbind-liruilong
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
Role:
  Kind:  Role
  Name:  role-liruilong
Subjects:
  Kind  Name       Namespace
  ----  ----       ---------
  User  liruilong
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

然后我们在客户机访问测试
这里使用我们之前创建的kubeonfig证书，我们之前创建证书也是基于用户liruilong的

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl config view | grep namesp
    namespace: liruilong-rbac-create

修改一下kubeonfig证书的命名空间

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ cat kc1 | grep namesp
    namespace: default
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ sed 's#namespace: default#namespace: liruilong-rbac-create#g' kc1 | grep namesp
    namespace: liruilong-rbac-create
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ sed -i 's#namespace: default#namespace: liruilong-rbac-create#g' kc1 | grep namesp

在客户机指定kubeconfig文件测试，认证和鉴权没有问题，当前命名空间没有资源对象

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl --kubeconfig=kc1 get pods
No resources found in liruilong-rbac-create namespace.

然后我们在客户机创建一个pod

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl --kubeconfig=kc1  run pod-demo --image=nginx --image-pull-policy=IfNotPresent --dry-run=client -o yaml >pod-demo.yaml

查看pod资源，创建成功

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get pods
NAME       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod-demo   1/1     Running   0          28m

删除一个pod，因为没有授权删除的权限，所以无法删除

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 delete pod pod-demo
Error from server (Forbidden): pods "pod-demo" is forbidden: User "liruilong" cannot delete resource "pods" in API group "" in the namespace "liruilong-rbac-create"
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

回到集群，添加删除的角色

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$vim role-liruilong.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl apply -f role-liruilong.yaml
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/role-liruilong configured

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: role-liruilong
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - delete

重新删除，pod删除成功

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 delete pod pod-demo
Error from server (Forbidden): pods "pod-demo" is forbidden: User "liruilong" cannot delete resource "pods" in API group "" in the namespace "liruilong-rbac-create"
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 delete pod pod-demo
pod "pod-demo" deleted
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

这里我们查看SVC信息，发现没有权限

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get svc
Error from server (Forbidden): services is forbidden: User "liruilong" cannot list resource "services" in API group "" in the namespace "liruilong-rbac-create"

提示我们用户liruilong需要添加services资源权限

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$vim role-liruilong.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl apply  -f role-liruilong.yaml
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/role-liruilong configured

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: role-liruilong
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  - services
  - deployments
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - delete

这里我们在集群中添加svc和deploy。然后在客户机访问测试，之前访问没有权限，现在提示命名空间中没有资源，说明鉴权成功

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get svc
No resources found in liruilong-rbac-create namespace.
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

但是我们访问deploy的时候，提示报错，没有权限，什么原因呢，这就涉及到一个- apiGroups:的原因

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get deployments
Error from server (Forbidden): deployments.apps is forbidden: User "liruilong" cannot list resource "deployments" in API group "apps" in the namespace "liruilong-rbac-create"
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

我们查看api资源对象，发现deployments和service的版本定义不同，一个是apps/v1，一个是v1,资源对象定义的yaml文件中apiGroups字段用于定义版本组别。

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl api-resources | grep pods
pods                              po           v1                                     true         Pod
pods                                           metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1                 true         PodMetrics
podsecuritypolicies               psp          policy/v1beta1                         false        PodSecurityPolicy
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl api-resources | grep deploy
deployments                       deploy       apps/v1                                true         Deployment
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl api-resources | grep service
serviceaccounts                   sa           v1                                     true         ServiceAccount
services                          svc          v1                                     true         Service
apiservices                                    apiregistration.k8s.io/v1              false        APIService
servicemonitors                                monitoring.coreos.com/v1               true         ServiceMonitor
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

修改资源配置文件，添加v1的的上一级apps

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$vim role-liruilong.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl apply  -f role-liruilong.yaml
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/role-liruilong configured

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: role-liruilong
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  - "apps"
  resources:
  - pods
  - services
  - deployments
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - delete

客户机访问测试，鉴权成功，但是没有相关的deploy资源

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get deployments
Error from server (Forbidden): deployments.apps is forbidden: User "liruilong" cannot list resource "deployments" in API group "apps" in the namespace "liruilong-rbac-create"
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get deployments
No resources found in liruilong-rbac-create namespace.
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

这里我们在客户机创建一个deploy

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 create  deployment  web-liruilong --image=nginx --replicas=2 --dry-run=client -o yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    app: web-liruilong
  name: web-liruilong
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web-liruilong
  strategy: {}
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        app: web-liruilong
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        name: nginx
        resources: {}
status: {}
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 create  deployment  web-liruilong --image=nginx --replicas=2 --dry-run=client -o yaml >web-liruilong.yaml

创建成功，查看deploy的资源，可以正常查看

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1  apply -f web-liruilong.yaml
deployment.apps/web-liruilong created
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl   --kubeconfig=kc1 get deployments
NAME            READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
web-liruilong   0/2     2            0           31s
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl   --kubeconfig=kc1 get pods
NAME                            READY   STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
web-liruilong-c546cb69b-g2pvm   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          59s
web-liruilong-c546cb69b-w6xfh   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          59s
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

但是我们修改deplo的副本数量时，会报错，这是什么原因呢，提示我们少了patch权限，没办法修改deploy的副本数量

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl   --kubeconfig=kc1  scale deployment  web-liruilong --replicas=3
Error from server (Forbidden): deployments.apps "web-liruilong" is forbidden: User "liruilong" cannot patch resource "deployments/scale" in API group "apps" in the namespace "liruilong-rbac-create"
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

同样，添加patch权限

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$vim role-liruilong.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl apply  -f role-liruilong.yaml
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/role-liruilong configured

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: role-liruilong
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  - "apps"
  resources:
  - pods
  - services
  - deployments
  - deployments/scale
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - delete
  - patch

在次执行命令，可以正常修改deploy的副本

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl   --kubeconfig=kc1  scale deployment  web-liruilong --replicas=3
deployment.apps/web-liruilong scaled
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get deployments
NAME            READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
web-liruilong   2/3     3            2           7m43s
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get pods
NAME                            READY   STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
web-liruilong-c546cb69b-52nqm   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          16s
web-liruilong-c546cb69b-g2pvm   1/1     Running             0          7m50s
web-liruilong-c546cb69b-w6xfh   1/1     Running             0          7m50s
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  name: role-liruilong
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  - services
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - delete
- apiGroups:
  - "apps"
  resources:
  - deployments
  - deployments/scale
  verbs:
  - get
  - list
  - watch
  - create
  - delete
  - patch

创建集群角色

角色是基于命名空间的，即不同的命名空间基于角色的权限不会受影响，这里我们需要把角色定义为全局生效，就需要集群角色

我们用之前的角色修改一下资源文件，将资源类型修改为集群角色ClusterRole

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$sed 's#kind: Role#kind: ClusterRole#g' role-liruilong.yaml | grep kind
kind: ClusterRole
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$sed -i 's#kind: Role#kind: ClusterRole#g' role-liruilong.yaml | grep kind
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl apply -f role-liruilong.yaml
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/role-liruilong created
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

同时需要把集群角色和用户liruilong绑定

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl  get clusterrolebindings | grep liruilong
cbind-liruilong                                        ClusterRole/role-liruilong                                                         2m29s
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

查看pod资源list，不但可以查看当前命名空间，也可以查看default、kube-system命名空间的

┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get pods
No resources found in liruilong-rbac-create namespace.
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get pods -n default
No resources found in default namespace.
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$ kubectl  --kubeconfig=kc1 get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS          AGE
calico-kube-controllers-78d6f96c7b-85rv9             1/1     Running   272 (5m49s ago)   39d
calico-node-6nfqv                                    1/1     Running   290 (41m ago)     41d
calico-node-fv458                                    0/1     Running   50                41d
calico-node-h5lsq                                    1/1     Running   98 (17m ago)      41d
coredns-7f6cbbb7b8-ncd2s                             1/1     Running   21 (6d14h ago)    39d
coredns-7f6cbbb7b8-pjnct                             1/1     Running   20 (6d14h ago)    39d
etcd-vms81.liruilongs.github.io                      1/1     Running   126 (8h ago)      41d
kube-apiserver-vms81.liruilongs.github.io            1/1     Running   12 (8h ago)       7d10h
kube-controller-manager-vms81.liruilongs.github.io   1/1     Running   88 (8h ago)       40d
kube-proxy-scs6x                                     1/1     Running   10 (7d22h ago)    41d
kube-proxy-tbwz5                                     1/1     Running   22 (6d14h ago)    41d
kube-proxy-xccmp                                     1/1     Running   6 (8d ago)        41d
kube-scheduler-vms81.liruilongs.github.io            1/1     Running   242 (8h ago)      41d
metrics-server-bcfb98c76-ktgnj                       1/1     Running   0                 6d
┌──[root@liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$

删除角色、角色绑定

删除角色、角色绑定

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl delete  role role-liruilong
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "role-liruilong" deleted
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl delete  rolebindings rbind-liruilong
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "rbind-liruilong" deleted

删除集群角色、集群角色绑定

┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl delete  ClusterRole  role-liruilong
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "role-liruilong" deleted
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$kubectl delete  clusterrolebinding cbind-liruilong
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io "cbind-liruilong" deleted
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-rbac-create]
└─$

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Kubernetes 管理员认证(CKA)考试笔记(五)

写在前面

heml

heml主要概念

heml 安装

配置helm源

Helm的常见用法

helm search：搜索可用的Chart

chart包拉取

helm install：安装Chart

搭建私有Repository

仓库搭建

chart包上传

仓库索引文件更新

用私有仓库chart部署应用程序

添加私有源

安装私有源chart

Kubernetes监控管理

Metrics Server:集群性能监控平台

安装Metrics Server

Prometheus+Grafana+NodeExporter:集群监控平台

Prometheus

NodeExporter

Grafana

搭建Prometheus+Grafana+NodeExporter平台

环境版本

prometheus-operator(旧名字)安装出现的问题

解决办法:新版本安装

安全管理

API Server认证管理

HTTP Token认证

kubeconfig文件认证

创建 kubeconfig 文件

申请证书

创建 kubeconfig 文件

API Server授权管理

环境版本

授权策略简述

RBAC授权模式

角色

角色绑定

角色绑定的区别：

实战

角色创建

创建角色绑定

创建集群角色

删除角色、角色绑定

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`prometheus-operator`(旧名字)安装出现的问题