在 Linux 上从源代码安装和配置PostgreSQL的9个步骤

与 mySQL 类似，postgreSQL 是非常有名且功能丰富的免费开源数据库。
在本文中，让我们回顾一下如何从源代码在 Linux 上安装 postgreSQL 数据库。

第一步：下载postgreSQL源代码

从postgreSQL 下载站点 中，选择位于您所在国家/地区的镜像站点。

# wget http://wwwmaster.postgresql.org/redir/198/f/source/v8.3.7/postgresql-8.3.7.ta​​r.gz

第 2 步：安装 postgreSQL

# tar xvfz postgresql-8.3.7.tar.gz 

# cd postgresql-8.3.7

# ./configure
checking for sgmlspl... no
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating GNUmakefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile.global
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config.h
config.status: creating src/interfaces/ecpg/include/ecpg_config.h
config.status: linking ./src/backend/port/tas/dummy.s to src/backend/port/tas.s
config.status: linking ./src/backend/port/dynloader/linux.c to src/backend/port/dynloader.c
config.status: linking ./src/backend/port/sysv_sema.c to src/backend/port/pg_sema.c
config.status: linking ./src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c to src/backend/port/pg_shmem.c
config.status: linking ./src/backend/port/dynloader/linux.h to src/include/dynloader.h
config.status: linking ./src/include/port/linux.h to src/include/pg_config_os.h
config.status: linking ./src/makefiles/Makefile.linux to src/Makefile.port

# make
make[3]: Leaving directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/contrib/spi'
rm -rf ./testtablespace
mkdir ./testtablespace
make[2]: Leaving directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/src/test/regress'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/src'
make -C config all
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/config'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/config'
All of PostgreSQL successfully made. Ready to install. 

# make install
make -C test/regress install
make[2]: Entering directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/src/test/regress'
/bin/sh ../../../config/install-sh -c  pg_regress '/usr/local/pgsql/lib/pgxs/src/test/regress/pg_regress'
make[2]: Leaving directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/src/test/regress'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/src'
make -C config install
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/config'
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/pgsql/lib/pgxs/config
/bin/sh ../config/install-sh -c -m 755 ./install-sh '/usr/local/pgsql/lib/pgxs/config/install-sh'
/bin/sh ../config/install-sh -c -m 755 ./mkinstalldirs '/usr/local/pgsql/lib/pgxs/config/mkinstalldirs'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/save/postgresql-8.3.7/config'
PostgreSQL installation complete.

PostgreSQL ./configure 选项

以下是可以传递给 ./configure 的各种选项：

• –prefix=PREFIX 在 PREFIX 中安装与体系结构无关的文件。默认安装位置是 /usr/local/pgsql
• –enable-integer-datetimes 启用 64 位整数日期/时间支持
• –enable-nls[=LANGUAGES] 启用本地语言支持
• --disable-shared 不构建共享库
• –disable-rpath 不要在可执行文件中嵌入共享库搜索路径
• --disable-spinlocks 不使用自旋锁
• – 使用调试符号 (-g) 启用调试构建
• – 启用分析构建启用分析
• --enable-dtrace 构建与 DTrace 支持
• --enable-depend 开启自动依赖追踪
• –enable-cassert 启用断言检查（用于调试）
• --enable-thread-safety 使客户端库线程安全
• --enable-thread-safety-force 强制线程安全，尽管线程测试失败
• –disable-largefile 省略对大文件的支持
• –with-docdir=DIR 安装 DIR 中的文档 [PREFIX/doc]
• –without-docdir 不安装文档
• –with-includes=DIRS 在 DIRS 中寻找额外的头文件
• –with-libraries=DIRS 在 DIRS 中查找其他库
• –with-libs=DIRS –with-libraries 的替代拼写
• –with-pgport=PORTNUM 更改默认端口号 [5432]
• –with-tcl 构建 Tcl 模块 (PL/Tcl)
• –with-tclconfig=DIR tclConfig.sh 在 DIR 中
• –with-perl 构建 Perl 模块 (PL/Perl)
• –with-python 构建 Python 模块 (PL/Python)
• –with-gssapi 使用 GSSAPI 支持构建
• –with-krb5 构建，支持 Kerberos 5
• –with-krb-srvnam=NAME 在 Kerberos [postgres] 中的默认服务主体名称
• –with-pam 构建支持 PAM
• –with-ldap 使用 LDAP 支持构建
• –with-bonjour 使用 Bonjour 支持构建
• –with-openssl 构建支持 OpenSSL
• –without-readline 不使用 GNU Readline 或 BSD Libedit 进行编辑
• –with-libedit-preferred 比 GNU Readline 更喜欢 BSD Libedit
• –with-ossp-uuid 在构建 contrib/uuid-ossp 时使用 OSSP UUID 库
• –with-libxml 使用 XML 支持构建
• –with-libxslt 在构建 contrib/xml2 时使用 XSLT 支持
• --with-system-tzdata=DIR 使用 DIR 中的系统时区数据
• –without-zlib 不使用 Zlib
• –with-gnu-ld 假设 C 编译器使用 GNU ld [default=no]

PostgreSQL 安装问题 1：

在 postgreSQL 安装期间执行 ./configure 时，您可能会遇到以下错误消息。

# ./configure
checking for -lreadline... no
checking for -ledit... no
configure: error: readline library not found
If you have readline already installed, see config.log for details on the
failure.  It is possible the compiler isn't looking in the proper directory.
Use --without-readline to disable readline support.

PostgreSQL 安装方案1：

安装 readline-devel 和 libtermcap-devel 即可解决上述问题。

# rpm -ivh libtermcap-devel-2.0.8-46.1.i386.rpm readline-devel-5.1-1.1.i386.rpm
warning: libtermcap-devel-2.0.8-46.1.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:libtermcap-devel       ########################################### [ 50%]
   2:readline-devel         ########################################### [100%]

第 3 步：验证 postgreSQL 目录结构

安装完成后，确保在默认的/usr/local/pgsql 目录下创建了bin、doc、include、lib、man 和share 目录，如下所示。

# ls -l /usr/local/pgsql/
total 24
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr  8 23:25 bin
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr  8 23:25 doc
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Apr  8 23:25 include
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr  8 23:25 lib
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr  8 23:25 man
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Apr  8 23:25 share

第 4 步：创建 postgreSQL 用户帐户

# adduser postgres

# passwd postgres
Changing password for user postgres.
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

第 5 步：创建 postgreSQL 数据目录

创建 postgres 数据目录并使 postgres 用户成为所有者。

# mkdir /usr/local/pgsql/data

# chown postgres:postgres /usr/local/pgsql/data

# ls -ld /usr/local/pgsql/data
drwxr-xr-x 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr  8 23:26 /usr/local/pgsql/data

第 6 步：初始化 postgreSQL 数据目录

在开始创建任何 postgreSQL 数据库之前，应使用 initdb 命令初始化在上述步骤中创建的空数据目录，如下所示。

# su - postgres

# /usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user postgres
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale en_US.UTF-8.
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to UTF8.
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

fixing permissions on existing directory /usr/local/pgsql/data ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers/max_fsm_pages ... 32MB/204800
creating configuration files ... ok
creating template1 database in /usr/local/pgsql/data/base/1 ... ok
initializing pg_authid ... ok
initializing dependencies ... ok
creating system views ... ok
loading system objects' descriptions ... ok
creating conversions ... ok
creating dictionaries ... ok
setting privileges on built-in objects ... ok
creating information schema ... ok
vacuuming database template1 ... ok
copying template1 to template0 ... ok
copying template1 to postgres ... ok

WARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the -A option the
next time you run initdb.

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
or
    /usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl -D /usr/local/pgsql/data -l logfile start

步骤 7：验证 postgreSQL 数据目录

确保所有 postgres DB 配置文件（例如 postgresql.conf）都创建在数据目录下，如下所示。

$ ls -l /usr/local/pgsql/data
total 64
drwx------ 5 postgres postgres  4096 Apr  8 23:29 base
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres  4096 Apr  8 23:29 global
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres  4096 Apr  8 23:29 pg_clog
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  3429 Apr  8 23:29 pg_hba.conf
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  1460 Apr  8 23:29 pg_ident.conf
drwx------ 4 postgres postgres  4096 Apr  8 23:29 pg_multixact
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres  4096 Apr  8 23:29 pg_subtrans
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres  4096 Apr  8 23:29 pg_tblspc
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres  4096 Apr  8 23:29 pg_twophase
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres     4 Apr  8 23:29 PG_VERSION
drwx------ 3 postgres postgres  4096 Apr  8 23:29 pg_xlog
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 16592 Apr  8 23:29 postgresql.conf

第八步：启动postgreSQL数据库

使用 postgres postmaster 命令在后台启动 postgreSQL 服务器，如下所示。

$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -D /usr/local/pgsql/data >logfile 2>&1 &
[1] 2222

$ cat logfile
LOG:  database system was shut down at 2016-04-08 23:29:50 PDT
LOG:  autovacuum launcher started
LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections

第 9 步：创建 postgreSQL DB 并测试安装

创建一个测试数据库并连接到它以确保安装成功，如下所示。

$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/createdb test

$ /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql test
Welcome to psql 8.3.7, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

Type:  \copyright for distribution terms
       \h for help with SQL commands
       \? for help with psql commands
       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
       \q to quit

test=#