关于 Kubernetes中Volume的一些笔记(一)
写在前面
- 学习
K8s
,刚把这一块学完,整理笔记,理论很少,偏实战,适合温习 - 博文内容涉及:
- 常见
nfs,hostPath,emptyDir数据卷
类型 PV
+PVC
的创建持久性存储
及动态卷供应
- 常见
男女情事,谁先动心谁吃亏,越吃亏越难忘,到最后,到底是喜欢对方呢,还是喜欢自己,都搞不清楚了,答案偏偏在对方身上,所以才说,由爱故生忧。--------《剑来》
数据卷(Volume)管理
Volume是Pod中能够被多个容器访问的共享目录。Kuberetes的Volume概念、用途和目的与Docker的Volume比较类似,但两者不能等价
。
Volume (存储卷) |
---|
Kubernetes中的Volume定义在Pod上 ,然后被一个Pod里的多个容器挂载到具体的文件目录下; |
Kubernetes中的Volume与Pod的生命周期相同 ,但与容器的生命周期不相关 ,当容器终止或者重启时, Volume中的数据也不会丢失。 |
Kubernetes支持多种类型的Volume ,例如GlusterFS, Ceph 等先进的分布式文件系统 。 |
Volume
的使用也比较简单,在大多数情况下,我们先在Pod
上声明一个Volume
,然后在容器里引用该Volume
并Mount
到容器里的某个目录上。举例来说,我们要给之前的Tomcat Pod
增加一个名字为datavol
的Volume
,并且Mount
到容器的/mydata-data
目录上,则只要对Pod的定义文件做如下修正即可(注意黑体字部分):
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: app-demo
tier: frontend
spec:
volumes:
- name: datavol
emptyDir: {}
containers:
- name: tomcat-demo
image: tomcat
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /myddata-data
name: datavol
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
除了可以让一个Pod
里的多个容器共享文件、让容器的数据写到宿主机的磁盘上或者写文件到网络存储中
, Kubernetes的Volume
还扩展出了一种非常有实用价值的功能,即 :容器配置文件集中化定义与管理,这是通过ConfigMap
这个新的资源对象来实现的.
Kubernetes提供了非常丰富的Volume类型
学习环境准备
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$mkdir k8s-volume-create;cd k8s-volume-create
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl get ns
NAME STATUS AGE
default Active 49d
kube-node-lease Active 49d
kube-public Active 49d
kube-system Active 49d
liruilong Active 49d
liruilong-pod-create Active 41d
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl create ns liruilong-volume-create
namespace/liruilong-volume-create created
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl config set-context $(kubectl config current-context) --namespace=liruilong-volume-create
Context "context1" modified.
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl config get-contexts
CURRENT NAME CLUSTER AUTHINFO NAMESPACE
cluster1 default
* context1 cluster1 kubernetes-admin1 liruilong-volume-create
context2 kube-system
emptyDir
一个emptyDir Volume是在Pod分配到Node时创建的。从它的名称就可以看出,它的初始内容为空
,并且无须指定宿主机上对应的目录文件,因为这是 Kubernetes自动分配的一个目录,而且这个目录实际是挂载中物理机内存中的的,当Pod从Node上移除时, emptyDir中的数据也会被永久删除
。
emptyDir
的一些用途如下:
emptyDir的一些用途 |
---|
临时空间,例如用于某些应用程序运行时所需的临时目录,且无须永久保留。 |
长时间任务的中间过程CheckPoint 的临时保存目录。 |
一个容器需要从另一个容器中获取数据的目录(多容器共享目录) |
创建一个Pod,声明volume卷
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
run: podvolume
name: podvolume
spec:
volumes:
- name: volume1
emptyDir: {}
- name: volume2
emptyDir: {}
containers:
- image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command: ['sh','-c','sleep 5000']
resources: {}
name: podvolume1
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /liruilong
name: volume1
- image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: podvolume2
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /liruilong
name: volume2
command: ['sh','-c','sleep 5000']
dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
创建pod,查看运行状态
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl apply -f pod_volume.yaml
pod/podvolume configured
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
podvolume 0/2 CrashLoopBackOff 164 (117s ago) 37h 10.244.70.14 vms83.liruilongs.github.io <none> <none>
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$
查看pod的数据卷类型
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl describe pod podvolume | grep -A2 Volumes
Volumes:
volume1:
Type: EmptyDir (a temporary directory that shares a pod's lifetime)
通过docker命令来查看对应的宿主机容器
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m shell -a "docker ps | grep podvolume"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
bbb287afc518 cabb9f684f8b "sh -c 'sleep 5000'" 12 minutes ago Up 12 minutes k8s_podvolume2_podvolume_liruilong-volume-create_76b518f6-9575-4412-b161-f590ab3c3135_0
dcbf5c63263f cabb9f684f8b "sh -c 'sleep 5000'" 12 minutes ago Up 12 minutes k8s_podvolume1_podvolume_liruilong-volume-create_76b518f6-9575-4412-b161-f590ab3c3135_0
5bb9ee2ed134 registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.4.1 "/pause" 12 minutes ago Up 12 minutes k8s_POD_podvolume_liruilong-volume-create_76b518f6-9575-4412-b161-f590ab3c3135_0
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
通过inspect查看映射的宿主机信息
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m shell -a "docker inspect dcbf5c63263f | grep -A5 Mounts"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
"Mounts": [
{
"Type": "bind",
"Source": "/var/lib/kubelet/pods/76b518f6-9575-4412-b161-f590ab3c3135/volumes/kubernetes.io~empty-dir/volume1",
"Destination": "/liruilong",
"Mode": "",
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m shell -a "docker inspect bbb287afc518 | grep -A5 Mounts"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
"Mounts": [
{
"Type": "bind",
"Source": "/var/lib/kubelet/pods/76b518f6-9575-4412-b161-f590ab3c3135/volumes/kubernetes.io~empty-dir/volume2",
"Destination": "/liruilong",
"Mode": "",
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$
pod内多容器数据卷共享
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$sed 's/podvolume/podvolumes/' pod_volume.yaml >pod_volumes.yaml
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$vim pod_volumes.yaml
编写pod_volumes.yaml文件
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
run: podvolumes
name: podvolumes
spec:
volumes:
- name: volume1
emptyDir: {}
containers:
- image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command: ['sh','-c','sleep 5000']
resources: {}
name: podvolumes1
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /liruilong
name: volume1
- image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: podvolumes2
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /liruilong
name: volume1
command: ['sh','-c','sleep 5000']
dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
新建的文件夹中两个pod中同时存在
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl apply -f pod_volumes.yaml
pod/podvolumes created
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl exec -it podvolumes -c podvolumes1 -- sh
/ # mkdir -p /liruilong/$(date +"%Y%m%d%H%M%S");cd /liruilong/;ls
20211127080726
/liruilong #
/liruilong # exit
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl exec -it podvolumes -c podvolumes2 -- sh
/ # cd /liruilong/;ls
20211127080726
/liruilong #
设置数据卷的读写权限
pod_volume_r.yaml:设置数据卷pod1只读
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
run: podvolume
name: podvolume
spec:
volumes:
- name: volume1
emptyDir: {}
- name: volume2
emptyDir: {}
containers:
- image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command: ['sh','-c','sleep 5000']
resources: {}
name: podvolume1
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /liruilong
name: volume1
readOnly: true # 设置数据卷pod1只读
- image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: podvolume2
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /liruilong
name: volume2
command: ['sh','-c','sleep 5000']
dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl exec -it podvolume -c podvolume1 -- sh
/ # cd liruilong/;touch lrl.txt
touch: lrl.txt: Read-only file system
/liruilong #
/liruilong # exit
command terminated with exit code 1
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl exec -it podvolume -c podvolume2 -- sh
/ # cd liruilong/;touch lrl.txt
/liruilong # ls
lrl.txt
/liruilong #
hostPath
hostPath为在Pod上挂载宿主机上的文件或目录
,它通常可以用于以下几方面。
hostPath 的应用 |
---|
容器应用程序生成的日志文件需要永久保存时,可以使用宿主机的高速文件系统进行存储。 |
需要访问宿主机上Docker 引擎内部数据结构的容器应用时,可以通过定义hostPath 为宿主机/var/lib/docker 目录,使容器内部应用可以直接访问Docker 的文件系统。 |
在使用这种类型的Volume
时,需要注意以下几点。
在不同的Node上具有相同配置的Pod
可能会因为宿主机上的目录和文件不同而导致对Volume
上目录和文件的访问结果不一致。
如果使用了资源配额管理,则Kubernetes无法将hostPath在宿主机上使用的资源纳入管理cgroup。在下面的例子中使用宿主机的/data目录定义了一个hostPath
类型的Volume
:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
run: podvolumehostpath
name: podvolumehostpath
spec:
volumes:
- name: volumes1
hostPath:
path: /data
containers:
- image: busybox
name: podvolumehostpath
command: ['sh','-c','sleep 5000']
resources: {}
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /liruilong
name: volumes1
dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl apply -f PodVolumeHostPath.yaml
pod/podvolumehostpath created
宿主机创建一个文件
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
podvolumehostpath 1/1 Running 0 5m44s 10.244.70.9 vms83.liruilongs.github.io <none> <none>
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible/k8s-volume-create]
└─$cd ..
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m shell -a "cd /data;touch liruilong"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible 192.168.26.83 -m shell -a "cd /data;ls"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
liruilong
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$
pod容器内同样存在
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$kubectl exec -it podvolumehostpath -- sh
/ # ls
bin dev etc home liruilong proc root sys tmp usr var
/ # cd liruilong/;ls
liruilong
/liruilong #
NFS
不管是emptyDir
还是hostPath
,数据都是存放到宿主机,但是如某个pod出现了问题,通过控制器重启时,会通过调度生产一个新的Pod,如果调度的节点不是原来的节点,那么数据就会丢失。这里的话,使用网路存储就很方便。
部署一个NFSServer
使用NFS网络文件系统提供的共享目录存储数据时,我们需要在系统中部署一个NFSServer
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$yum -y install nfs-utils.x86_64
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$systemctl enable nfs-server.service --now
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~]
└─$mkdir -p /liruilong
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/liruilong]
└─$cd /liruilong/;echo `date` > liruilong.txt
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/liruilong]
└─$cd /liruilong/;cat liruilong.txt
2021年 11月 27日 星期六 21:57:10 CST
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/liruilong]
└─$cat /etc/exports
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/liruilong]
└─$echo "/liruilong *(rw,sync,no_root_squash)" > /etc/exports
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/liruilong]
└─$exportfs -arv
exporting *:/liruilong
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/liruilong]
└─$showmount -e
Export list for vms81.liruilongs.github.io:
/liruilong *
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[/liruilong]
└─$
然后我们需要在所有的工作节点安装nfs-utils,然后挂载
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible node -m shell -a "yum -y install nfs-utils"
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible node -m shell -a "systemctl enable nfs-server.service --now"
nfs共享文件测试
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible node -m shell -a "showmount -e vms81.liruilongs.github.io"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Export list for vms81.liruilongs.github.io:
/liruilong *
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Export list for vms81.liruilongs.github.io:
/liruilong *
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$
挂载测试
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible node -m shell -a "mount vms81.liruilongs.github.io:/liruilong /mnt"
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible node -m shell -a "cd /mnt/;ls"
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
liruilong.txt
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
liruilong.txt
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible node -m shell -a "df -h | grep liruilong"
192.168.26.82 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
vms81.liruilongs.github.io:/liruilong 150G 8.3G 142G 6% /mnt
192.168.26.83 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
vms81.liruilongs.github.io:/liruilong 150G 8.3G 142G 6% /mnt
取消挂载
┌──[root@vms81.liruilongs.github.io]-[~/ansible]
└─$ansible node -m shell -a "umount /mnt"
使用nfs数据卷pod资源yaml文件
podvolumenfs.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
run: podvolumehostpath
name: podvolumehostpath
spec:
volumes:
- name: volumes1
nfs:
server: vms81.liruilongs.github.io
path: /liruilong
containers:
- image: busybox
name: podvolumehostpath
command: ['sh','-c','sleep 5000']
resources: {}
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /liruilong
name: volumes1
dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
restartPolicy: Always
status: {}
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