public final class Class<T> implements java.io.Serializable,
                              GenericDeclaration,
                              Type,
                              AnnotatedElement {
    private static final int ANNOTATION= 0x00002000;
    private static final int ENUM      = 0x00004000;
    private static final int SYNTHETIC = 0x00001000;

    private static native void registerNatives();
    static {
        registerNatives();
    }

    /*
     * Private constructor. Only the Java Virtual Machine creates Class objects.   //私有构造器，只有JVM才能调用创建Class对象
     * This constructor is not used and prevents the default constructor being
     * generated.
     */
    private Class(ClassLoader loader) {
        // Initialize final field for classLoader.  The initialization value of non-null
        // prevents future JIT optimizations from assuming this final field is null.
        classLoader = loader;
    }

    @Test
    public void classTest() throws Exception {
        // 获取Class对象的三种方式
        logger.info("根据类名:  \t" + User.class);
        logger.info("根据对象:  \t" + new User().getClass());
        logger.info("根据全限定类名:\t" + Class.forName("com.test.User"));
        // 常用的方法
        logger.info("获取全限定类名:\t" + userClass.getName());
        logger.info("获取类名:\t" + userClass.getSimpleName());
        logger.info("实例化:\t" + userClass.newInstance());
    }

    // ...
    package com.test;

    public class User {
        private String name = "init";
        private int age;
        public User() {}
        public User(String name, int age) {
            super();
            this.name = name;
            this.age = age;
        }
        private String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        private void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
        public int getAge() {
            return age;
        }
        public void setAge(int age) {
            this.age = age;
        }
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "User [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
        }
    }

根据类名:  	class com.test.User
根据对象:  	class com.test.User
根据全限定类名:	class com.test.User
获取全限定类名:	com.test.User
获取类名:	User
实例化:	User [name=init, age=0]

package com.cry;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
interface I1 {
}
interface I2 {
}
class Cell{
    public int mCellPublic;
}
class Animal extends  Cell{
    private int mAnimalPrivate;
    protected int mAnimalProtected;
    int mAnimalDefault;
    public int mAnimalPublic;
    private static int sAnimalPrivate;
    protected static int sAnimalProtected;
    static int sAnimalDefault;
    public static int sAnimalPublic;
}
class Dog extends Animal implements I1, I2 {
    private int mDogPrivate;
    public int mDogPublic;
    protected int mDogProtected;
    private int mDogDefault;
    private static int sDogPrivate;
    protected static int sDogProtected;
    static int sDogDefault;
    public static int sDogPublic;
}
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException {
        Class<Dog> dog = Dog.class;
        //类名打印
        System.out.println(dog.getName()); //com.cry.Dog
        System.out.println(dog.getSimpleName()); //Dog
        System.out.println(dog.getCanonicalName());//com.cry.Dog
        //接口
        System.out.println(dog.isInterface()); //false
        for (Class iI : dog.getInterfaces()) {
            System.out.println(iI);
        }
         /*
          interface com.cry.I1
          interface com.cry.I2
         */

        //父类
        System.out.println(dog.getSuperclass());//class com.cry.Animal
        //创建对象
        Dog d = dog.newInstance();
        //字段
        for (Field f : dog.getFields()) {
            System.out.println(f.getName());
        }
        /*
            mDogPublic
            sDogPublic
            mAnimalPublic
            sAnimalPublic
            mCellPublic  //父类的父类的公共字段也打印出来了
         */
        System.out.println("---------");
        for (Field f : dog.getDeclaredFields()) {
            System.out.println(f.getName());
        }
        /** 只有自己类声明的字段
         mDogPrivate
         mDogPublic
         mDogProtected
         mDogDefault
         sDogPrivate
         sDogProtected
         sDogDefault
         sDogPublic
         */
    }
}

package com.cry;
public class Test {
    private  class inner{
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        //普通类
        System.out.println(Test.class.getSimpleName()); //Test
        System.out.println(Test.class.getName()); //com.cry.Test
        System.out.println(Test.class.getCanonicalName()); //com.cry.Test
        //内部类
        System.out.println(inner.class.getSimpleName()); //inner
        System.out.println(inner.class.getName()); //com.cry.Test$inner
        System.out.println(inner.class.getCanonicalName()); //com.cry.Test.inner
        //数组
        System.out.println(args.getClass().getSimpleName()); //String[]
        System.out.println(args.getClass().getName()); //[Ljava.lang.String;
        System.out.println(args.getClass().getCanonicalName()); //java.lang.String[]
        //我们不能用getCanonicalName去加载类对象，必须用getName
        //Class.forName(inner.class.getCanonicalName()); 报错
        Class.forName(inner.class.getName());
    }
}

public class ConstructionTest implements Serializable {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        Class<?> clazz = null;

        //获取Class对象的引用
        clazz = Class.forName("com.example.javabase.User");

        //第一种方法，实例化默认构造方法，User必须无参构造函数,否则将抛异常
        User user = (User) clazz.newInstance();
        user.setAge(20);
        user.setName("Jack");
        System.out.println(user);

        System.out.println("--------------------------------------------");

        //获取带String参数的public构造函数
        Constructor cs1 =clazz.getConstructor(String.class);
        //创建User
        User user1= (User) cs1.newInstance("hiway");
        user1.setAge(22);
        System.out.println("user1:"+user1.toString());

        System.out.println("--------------------------------------------");

        //取得指定带int和String参数构造函数,该方法是私有构造private
        Constructor cs2=clazz.getDeclaredConstructor(int.class,String.class);
        //由于是private必须设置可访问
        cs2.setAccessible(true);
        //创建user对象
        User user2= (User) cs2.newInstance(25,"hiway2");
        System.out.println("user2:"+user2.toString());

        System.out.println("--------------------------------------------");

        //获取所有构造包含private
        Constructor<?> cons[] = clazz.getDeclaredConstructors();
        // 查看每个构造方法需要的参数
        for (int i = 0; i < cons.length; i++) {
            //获取构造函数参数类型
            Class<?> clazzs[] = cons[i].getParameterTypes();
            System.out.println("构造函数["+i+"]:"+cons[i].toString() );
            System.out.print("参数类型["+i+"]:(");
            for (int j = 0; j < clazzs.length; j++) {
                if (j == clazzs.length - 1)
                    System.out.print(clazzs[j].getName());
                else
                    System.out.print(clazzs[j].getName() + ",");
            }
            System.out.println(")");
        }
    }
}


class User {
    private int age;
    private String name;
    public User() {
        super();
    }
    public User(String name) {
        super();
        this.name = name;
    }

    /**
     * 私有构造
     * @param age
     * @param name
     */
    private User(int age, String name) {
        super();
        this.age = age;
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "age=" + age +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

/* output 
User{age=20, name='Jack'}
--------------------------------------------
user1:User{age=22, name='hiway'}
--------------------------------------------
user2:User{age=25, name='hiway2'}
--------------------------------------------
构造函数[0]:private com.example.javabase.User(int,java.lang.String)
参数类型[0]:(int,java.lang.String)
构造函数[1]:public com.example.javabase.User(java.lang.String)
参数类型[1]:(java.lang.String)
构造函数[2]:public com.example.javabase.User()
参数类型[2]:()

Constructor cs3 = clazz.getDeclaredConstructor(int.class,String.class);
System.out.println("-----getDeclaringClass-----");
Class uclazz=cs3.getDeclaringClass();
//Constructor对象表示的构造方法的类
System.out.println("构造方法的类:"+uclazz.getName());

System.out.println("-----getGenericParameterTypes-----");
//对象表示此 Constructor 对象所表示的方法的形参类型
Type[] tps=cs3.getGenericParameterTypes();
for (Type tp:tps) {
    System.out.println("参数名称tp:"+tp);
}
System.out.println("-----getParameterTypes-----");
//获取构造函数参数类型
Class<?> clazzs[] = cs3.getParameterTypes();
for (Class claz:clazzs) {
    System.out.println("参数名称:"+claz.getName());
}
System.out.println("-----getName-----");
//以字符串形式返回此构造方法的名称
System.out.println("getName:"+cs3.getName());

System.out.println("-----getoGenericString-----");
//返回描述此 Constructor 的字符串，其中包括类型参数。
System.out.println("getoGenericString():"+cs3.toGenericString());

-----getDeclaringClass-----
构造方法的类:com.example.javabase.User
-----getGenericParameterTypes-----
参数名称tp:int
参数名称tp:class java.lang.String
-----getParameterTypes-----
参数名称:int
参数名称:java.lang.String
-----getName-----
getName:com.example.javabase.User
-----getoGenericString-----
getoGenericString():private com.example.javabase.User(int,java.lang.String)

public class ReflectField {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException {
        Class<?> clazz = Class.forName("reflect.Student");
        //获取指定字段名称的Field类,注意字段修饰符必须为public而且存在该字段,
        // 否则抛NoSuchFieldException
        Field field = clazz.getField("age");
        System.out.println("field:"+field);

        //获取所有修饰符为public的字段,包含父类字段,注意修饰符为public才会获取
        Field fields[] = clazz.getFields();
        for (Field f:fields) {
            System.out.println("f:"+f.getDeclaringClass());
        }

        System.out.println("================getDeclaredFields====================");
        //获取当前类所字段(包含private字段),注意不包含父类的字段
        Field fields2[] = clazz.getDeclaredFields();
        for (Field f:fields2) {
            System.out.println("f2:"+f.getDeclaringClass());
        }
        //获取指定字段名称的Field类,可以是任意修饰符的自动,注意不包含父类的字段
        Field field2 = clazz.getDeclaredField("desc");
        System.out.println("field2:"+field2);
    }
    /**
      输出结果: 
     field:public int reflect.Person.age
     f:public java.lang.String reflect.Student.desc
     f:public int reflect.Person.age
     f:public java.lang.String reflect.Person.name

     ================getDeclaredFields====================
     f2:public java.lang.String reflect.Student.desc
     f2:private int reflect.Student.score
     field2:public java.lang.String reflect.Student.desc
     */
}

class Person{
    public int age;
    public String name;
    //省略set和get方法
}

class Student extends Person{
    public String desc;
    private int score;
    //省略set和get方法
}

//获取Class对象引用
Class<?> clazz = Class.forName("reflect.Student");

Student st= (Student) clazz.newInstance();
//获取父类public字段并赋值
Field ageField = clazz.getField("age");
ageField.set(st,18);
Field nameField = clazz.getField("name");
nameField.set(st,"Lily");

//只获取当前类的字段,不获取父类的字段
Field descField = clazz.getDeclaredField("desc");
descField.set(st,"I am student");
Field scoreField = clazz.getDeclaredField("score");
//设置可访问，score是private的
scoreField.setAccessible(true);
scoreField.set(st,88);
System.out.println(st.toString());

//输出结果：Student{age=18, name='Lily ,desc='I am student', score=88} 

//获取字段值
System.out.println(scoreField.get(st));
// 88

import java.lang.reflect.Method;

public class ReflectMethod  {


    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException {

        Class clazz = Class.forName("reflect.Circle");

        //根据参数获取public的Method,包含继承自父类的方法
        Method method = clazz.getMethod("draw",int.class,String.class);

        System.out.println("method:"+method);

        //获取所有public的方法:
        Method[] methods =clazz.getMethods();
        for (Method m:methods){
            System.out.println("m::"+m);
        }

        System.out.println("=========================================");

        //获取当前类的方法包含private,该方法无法获取继承自父类的method
        Method method1 = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("drawCircle");
        System.out.println("method1::"+method1);
        //获取当前类的所有方法包含private,该方法无法获取继承自父类的method
        Method[] methods1=clazz.getDeclaredMethods();
        for (Method m:methods1){
            System.out.println("m1::"+m);
        }
    }
}

class Shape {
    public void draw(){
        System.out.println("draw");
    }

    public void draw(int count , String name){
        System.out.println("draw "+ name +",count="+count);
    }

}
class Circle extends Shape{

    private void drawCircle(){
        System.out.println("drawCircle");
    }
    public int getAllCount(){
        return 100;
    }
}

method:public void reflect.Shape.draw(int,java.lang.String)

m::public int reflect.Circle.getAllCount()
m::public void reflect.Shape.draw()
m::public void reflect.Shape.draw(int,java.lang.String)
m::public final void java.lang.Object.wait(long,int) throws java.lang.InterruptedException
m::public final native void java.lang.Object.wait(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException
m::public final void java.lang.Object.wait() throws java.lang.InterruptedException
m::public boolean java.lang.Object.equals(java.lang.Object)
m::public java.lang.String java.lang.Object.toString()
m::public native int java.lang.Object.hashCode()
m::public final native java.lang.Class java.lang.Object.getClass()
m::public final native void java.lang.Object.notify()
m::public final native void java.lang.Object.notifyAll()

=========================================
method1::private void reflect.Circle.drawCircle()

m1::public int reflect.Circle.getAllCount()
m1::private void reflect.Circle.drawCircle()

Class clazz = Class.forName("reflect.Circle");
//创建对象
Circle circle = (Circle) clazz.newInstance();

//获取指定参数的方法对象Method
Method method = clazz.getMethod("draw",int.class,String.class);

//通过Method对象的invoke(Object obj,Object... args)方法调用
method.invoke(circle,15,"圈圈");

//对私有无参方法的操作
Method method1 = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("drawCircle");
//修改私有方法的访问标识
method1.setAccessible(true);
method1.invoke(circle);

//对有返回值得方法操作
Method method2 =clazz.getDeclaredMethod("getAllCount");
Integer count = (Integer) method2.invoke(circle);
System.out.println("count:"+count);

draw 圈圈,count=15
drawCircle
count:100

public interface Type {
    //1.8新增
    default String getTypeName() {
        return toString();
    }
}

public class HelloReflect {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            // 1. 使用外部配置的实现，进行动态加载类
            TempFunctionTest test = (TempFunctionTest)Class.forName("com.tester.HelloReflect").newInstance();
            test.sayHello("call directly");
            // 2. 根据配置的函数名，进行方法调用（不需要通用的接口抽象）
            Object t2 = new TempFunctionTest();
            Method method = t2.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("sayHello", String.class);
            method.invoke(test, "method invoke");
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (InstantiationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e ) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    public void sayHello(String word) {
        System.out.println("hello," + word);
    }

}

    @CallerSensitive
    public static Class<?> forName(String className)
                throws ClassNotFoundException {
        // 先通过反射，获取调用进来的类信息，从而获取当前的 classLoader
        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        // 调用native方法进行获取class信息
        return forName0(className, true, ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller), caller);
    }

    // 
    public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return loadClass(name, false);
    }
    
        // sun.misc.Launcher
        public Class<?> loadClass(String var1, boolean var2) throws ClassNotFoundException {
            int var3 = var1.lastIndexOf(46);
            if(var3 != -1) {
                SecurityManager var4 = System.getSecurityManager();
                if(var4 != null) {
                    var4.checkPackageAccess(var1.substring(0, var3));
                }
            }

            if(this.ucp.knownToNotExist(var1)) {
                Class var5 = this.findLoadedClass(var1);
                if(var5 != null) {
                    if(var2) {
                        this.resolveClass(var5);
                    }

                    return var5;
                } else {
                    throw new ClassNotFoundException(var1);
                }
            } else {
                return super.loadClass(var1, var2);
            }
        }
    // java.lang.ClassLoader
    protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        // 先获取锁
        synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
            // First, check if the class has already been loaded
            // 如果已经加载了的话，就不用再加载了
            Class<?> c = findLoadedClass(name);
            if (c == null) {
                long t0 = System.nanoTime();
                try {
                    // 双亲委托加载
                    if (parent != null) {
                        c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
                    } else {
                        c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
                    }
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                    // ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found
                    // from the non-null parent class loader
                }

                // 父类没有加载到时，再自己加载
                if (c == null) {
                    // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
                    // to find the class.
                    long t1 = System.nanoTime();
                    c = findClass(name);

                    // this is the defining class loader; record the stats
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
                }
            }
            if (resolve) {
                resolveClass(c);
            }
            return c;
        }
    }
    
    protected Object getClassLoadingLock(String className) {
        Object lock = this;
        if (parallelLockMap != null) {
            // 使用 ConcurrentHashMap来保存锁
            Object newLock = new Object();
            lock = parallelLockMap.putIfAbsent(className, newLock);
            if (lock == null) {
                lock = newLock;
            }
        }
        return lock;
    }
    
    protected final Class<?> findLoadedClass(String name) {
        if (!checkName(name))
            return null;
        return findLoadedClass0(name);
    }

    // 首先肯定是 Class.newInstance
    @CallerSensitive
    public T newInstance()
        throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException
    {
        if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
            checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
        }

        // NOTE: the following code may not be strictly correct under
        // the current Java memory model.

        // Constructor lookup
        // newInstance() 其实相当于调用类的无参构造函数，所以，首先要找到其无参构造器
        if (cachedConstructor == null) {
            if (this == Class.class) {
                // 不允许调用 Class 的 newInstance() 方法
                throw new IllegalAccessException(
                    "Can not call newInstance() on the Class for java.lang.Class"
                );
            }
            try {
                // 获取无参构造器
                Class<?>[] empty = {};
                final Constructor<T> c = getConstructor0(empty, Member.DECLARED);
                // Disable accessibility checks on the constructor
                // since we have to do the security check here anyway
                // (the stack depth is wrong for the Constructor's
                // security check to work)
                java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
                    new java.security.PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                        public Void run() {
                                c.setAccessible(true);
                                return null;
                            }
                        });
                cachedConstructor = c;
            } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
                throw (InstantiationException)
                    new InstantiationException(getName()).initCause(e);
            }
        }
        Constructor<T> tmpConstructor = cachedConstructor;
        // Security check (same as in java.lang.reflect.Constructor)
        int modifiers = tmpConstructor.getModifiers();
        if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(this, modifiers)) {
            Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
            if (newInstanceCallerCache != caller) {
                Reflection.ensureMemberAccess(caller, this, null, modifiers);
                newInstanceCallerCache = caller;
            }
        }
        // Run constructor
        try {
            // 调用无参构造器
            return tmpConstructor.newInstance((Object[])null);
        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
            Unsafe.getUnsafe().throwException(e.getTargetException());
            // Not reached
            return null;
        }
    }

    private Constructor<T> getConstructor0(Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
                                        int which) throws NoSuchMethodException
    {
        // 获取所有构造器
        Constructor<T>[] constructors = privateGetDeclaredConstructors((which == Member.PUBLIC));
        for (Constructor<T> constructor : constructors) {
            if (arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes,
                                constructor.getParameterTypes())) {
                return getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(constructor);
            }
        }
        throw new NoSuchMethodException(getName() + ".<init>" + argumentTypesToString(parameterTypes));
    }

    // 获取当前类所有的构造方法，通过jvm或者缓存
    // Returns an array of "root" constructors. These Constructor
    // objects must NOT be propagated to the outside world, but must
    // instead be copied via ReflectionFactory.copyConstructor.
    private Constructor<T>[] privateGetDeclaredConstructors(boolean publicOnly) {
        checkInitted();
        Constructor<T>[] res;
        // 调用 reflectionData(), 获取保存的信息，使用软引用保存，从而使内存不够可以回收
        ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
        if (rd != null) {
            res = publicOnly ? rd.publicConstructors : rd.declaredConstructors;
            // 存在缓存，则直接返回
            if (res != null) return res;
        }
        // No cached value available; request value from VM
        if (isInterface()) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            Constructor<T>[] temporaryRes = (Constructor<T>[]) new Constructor<?>[0];
            res = temporaryRes;
        } else {
            // 使用native方法从jvm获取构造器
            res = getDeclaredConstructors0(publicOnly);
        }
        if (rd != null) {
            // 最后，将从jvm中读取的内容，存入缓存
            if (publicOnly) {
                rd.publicConstructors = res;
            } else {
                rd.declaredConstructors = res;
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
    
    // Lazily create and cache ReflectionData
    private ReflectionData<T> reflectionData() {
        SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> reflectionData = this.reflectionData;
        int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
        ReflectionData<T> rd;
        if (useCaches &&
            reflectionData != null &&
            (rd = reflectionData.get()) != null &&
            rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
            return rd;
        }
        // else no SoftReference or cleared SoftReference or stale ReflectionData
        // -> create and replace new instance
        return newReflectionData(reflectionData, classRedefinedCount);
    }
    
    // 新创建缓存，保存反射信息
    private ReflectionData<T> newReflectionData(SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> oldReflectionData,
                                                int classRedefinedCount) {
        if (!useCaches) return null;

        // 使用cas保证更新的线程安全性，所以反射是保证线程安全的
        while (true) {
            ReflectionData<T> rd = new ReflectionData<>(classRedefinedCount);
            // try to CAS it...
            if (Atomic.casReflectionData(this, oldReflectionData, new SoftReference<>(rd))) {
                return rd;
            }
            // 先使用CAS更新，如果更新成功，则立即返回，否则测查当前已被其他线程更新的情况，如果和自己想要更新的状态一致，则也算是成功了
            oldReflectionData = this.reflectionData;
            classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
            if (oldReflectionData != null &&
                (rd = oldReflectionData.get()) != null &&
                rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
                return rd;
            }
        }
    }

    // reflection data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
    private static class ReflectionData<T> {
        volatile Field[] declaredFields;
        volatile Field[] publicFields;
        volatile Method[] declaredMethods;
        volatile Method[] publicMethods;
        volatile Constructor<T>[] declaredConstructors;
        volatile Constructor<T>[] publicConstructors;
        // Intermediate results for getFields and getMethods
        volatile Field[] declaredPublicFields;
        volatile Method[] declaredPublicMethods;
        volatile Class<?>[] interfaces;

        // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this ReflectionData instance
        final int redefinedCount;

        ReflectionData(int redefinedCount) {
            this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
        }
    }

    private static boolean arrayContentsEq(Object[] a1, Object[] a2) {
        if (a1 == null) {
            return a2 == null || a2.length == 0;
        }

        if (a2 == null) {
            return a1.length == 0;
        }

        if (a1.length != a2.length) {
            return false;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++) {
            if (a1[i] != a2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }
    // sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory
    /** Makes a copy of the passed constructor. The returned
        constructor is a "child" of the passed one; see the comments
        in Constructor.java for details. */
    public <T> Constructor<T> copyConstructor(Constructor<T> arg) {
        return langReflectAccess().copyConstructor(arg);
    }
    
    // java.lang.reflect.Constructor, copy 其实就是新new一个 Constructor 出来
    Constructor<T> copy() {
        // This routine enables sharing of ConstructorAccessor objects
        // among Constructor objects which refer to the same underlying
        // method in the VM. (All of this contortion is only necessary
        // because of the "accessibility" bit in AccessibleObject,
        // which implicitly requires that new java.lang.reflect
        // objects be fabricated for each reflective call on Class
        // objects.)
        if (this.root != null)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can not copy a non-root Constructor");

        Constructor<T> res = new Constructor<>(clazz,
                                               parameterTypes,
                                               exceptionTypes, modifiers, slot,
                                               signature,
                                               annotations,
                                               parameterAnnotations);
        // root 指向当前 constructor
        res.root = this;
        // Might as well eagerly propagate this if already present
        res.constructorAccessor = constructorAccessor;
        return res;
    }

    // return tmpConstructor.newInstance((Object[])null); 
    // java.lang.reflect.Constructor
    @CallerSensitive
    public T newInstance(Object ... initargs)
        throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException,
               IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    {
        if (!override) {
            if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(clazz, modifiers)) {
                Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
                checkAccess(caller, clazz, null, modifiers);
            }
        }
        if ((clazz.getModifiers() & Modifier.ENUM) != 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot reflectively create enum objects");
        ConstructorAccessor ca = constructorAccessor;   // read volatile
        if (ca == null) {
            ca = acquireConstructorAccessor();
        }
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        T inst = (T) ca.newInstance(initargs);
        return inst;
    }
    // sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl
    public Object newInstance(Object[] args)
      throws InstantiationException,
             IllegalArgumentException,
             InvocationTargetException
    {
        return delegate.newInstance(args);
    }
    // sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl
    public Object newInstance(Object[] args)
        throws InstantiationException,
               IllegalArgumentException,
               InvocationTargetException
    {
        // We can't inflate a constructor belonging to a vm-anonymous class
        // because that kind of class can't be referred to by name, hence can't
        // be found from the generated bytecode.
        if (++numInvocations > ReflectionFactory.inflationThreshold()
                && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(c.getDeclaringClass())) {
            ConstructorAccessorImpl acc = (ConstructorAccessorImpl)
                new MethodAccessorGenerator().
                    generateConstructor(c.getDeclaringClass(),
                                        c.getParameterTypes(),
                                        c.getExceptionTypes(),
                                        c.getModifiers());
            parent.setDelegate(acc);
        }

        // 调用native方法，进行调用 constructor
        return newInstance0(c, args);
    }

    // java.lang.Class
    @CallerSensitive
    public Method getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
        checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
        Method method = searchMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(false), name, parameterTypes);
        if (method == null) {
            throw new NoSuchMethodException(getName() + "." + name + argumentTypesToString(parameterTypes));
        }
        return method;
    }

    // Returns an array of "root" methods. These Method objects must NOT
    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
    // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
    private Method[] privateGetDeclaredMethods(boolean publicOnly) {
        checkInitted();
        Method[] res;
        ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
        if (rd != null) {
            res = publicOnly ? rd.declaredPublicMethods : rd.declaredMethods;
            if (res != null) return res;
        }
        // No cached value available; request value from VM
        res = Reflection.filterMethods(this, getDeclaredMethods0(publicOnly));
        if (rd != null) {
            if (publicOnly) {
                rd.declaredPublicMethods = res;
            } else {
                rd.declaredMethods = res;
            }
        }
        return res;
    }

    // sun.misc.Reflection
    public static Method[] filterMethods(Class<?> containingClass, Method[] methods) {
        if (methodFilterMap == null) {
            // Bootstrapping
            return methods;
        }
        return (Method[])filter(methods, methodFilterMap.get(containingClass));
    }
    // 可以过滤指定的方法，一般为空，如果要指定过滤，可以调用 registerMethodsToFilter(), 或者...
    private static Member[] filter(Member[] members, String[] filteredNames) {
        if ((filteredNames == null) || (members.length == 0)) {
            return members;
        }
        int numNewMembers = 0;
        for (Member member : members) {
            boolean shouldSkip = false;
            for (String filteredName : filteredNames) {
                if (member.getName() == filteredName) {
                    shouldSkip = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!shouldSkip) {
                ++numNewMembers;
            }
        }
        Member[] newMembers =
            (Member[])Array.newInstance(members[0].getClass(), numNewMembers);
        int destIdx = 0;
        for (Member member : members) {
            boolean shouldSkip = false;
            for (String filteredName : filteredNames) {
                if (member.getName() == filteredName) {
                    shouldSkip = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!shouldSkip) {
                newMembers[destIdx++] = member;
            }
        }
        return newMembers;
    }

    private static Method searchMethods(Method[] methods,
                                        String name,
                                        Class<?>[] parameterTypes)
    {
        Method res = null;
        // 使用常量池，避免重复创建String
        String internedName = name.intern();
        for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
            Method m = methods[i];
            if (m.getName() == internedName
                && arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes, m.getParameterTypes())
                && (res == null
                    || res.getReturnType().isAssignableFrom(m.getReturnType())))
                res = m;
        }

        return (res == null ? res : getReflectionFactory().copyMethod(res));
    }

    @CallerSensitive
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object... args)
        throws IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException,
           InvocationTargetException
    {
        if (!override) {
            if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(clazz, modifiers)) {
                Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
                checkAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers);
            }
        }
        MethodAccessor ma = methodAccessor;             // read volatile
        if (ma == null) {
            ma = acquireMethodAccessor();
        }
        return ma.invoke(obj, args);
    }

    // probably make the implementation more scalable.
    private MethodAccessor acquireMethodAccessor() {
        // First check to see if one has been created yet, and take it
        // if so
        MethodAccessor tmp = null;
        if (root != null) tmp = root.getMethodAccessor();
        if (tmp != null) {
            // 存在缓存时，存入 methodAccessor，否则调用 ReflectionFactory 创建新的 MethodAccessor
            methodAccessor = tmp;
        } else {
            // Otherwise fabricate one and propagate it up to the root
            tmp = reflectionFactory.newMethodAccessor(this);
            setMethodAccessor(tmp);
        }

        return tmp;
    }
    // sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory
    public MethodAccessor newMethodAccessor(Method method) {
        checkInitted();

        if (noInflation && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(method.getDeclaringClass())) {
            return new MethodAccessorGenerator().
                generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),
                               method.getName(),
                               method.getParameterTypes(),
                               method.getReturnType(),
                               method.getExceptionTypes(),
                               method.getModifiers());
        } else {
            NativeMethodAccessorImpl acc =
                new NativeMethodAccessorImpl(method);
            DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl res =
                new DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl(acc);
            acc.setParent(res);
            return res;
        }
    }

//     NativeMethodAccessorImpl / DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl
class NativeMethodAccessorImpl extends MethodAccessorImpl {
    private final Method method;
    private DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl parent;
    private int numInvocations;

    NativeMethodAccessorImpl(Method method) {
        this.method = method;
    }

    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    {
        // We can't inflate methods belonging to vm-anonymous classes because
        // that kind of class can't be referred to by name, hence can't be
        // found from the generated bytecode.
        if (++numInvocations > ReflectionFactory.inflationThreshold()
                && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(method.getDeclaringClass())) {
            MethodAccessorImpl acc = (MethodAccessorImpl)
                new MethodAccessorGenerator().
                    generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),
                                   method.getName(),
                                   method.getParameterTypes(),
                                   method.getReturnType(),
                                   method.getExceptionTypes(),
                                   method.getModifiers());
            parent.setDelegate(acc);
        }

        return invoke0(method, obj, args);
    }

    void setParent(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl parent) {
        this.parent = parent;
    }

    private static native Object invoke0(Method m, Object obj, Object[] args);
}
class DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl extends MethodAccessorImpl {
    private MethodAccessorImpl delegate;

    DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl(MethodAccessorImpl delegate) {
        setDelegate(delegate);
    }

    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    {
        return delegate.invoke(obj, args);
    }

    void setDelegate(MethodAccessorImpl delegate) {
        this.delegate = delegate;
    }
}

    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object[] args)
        throws IllegalArgumentException, InvocationTargetException
    {
        // We can't inflate methods belonging to vm-anonymous classes because
        // that kind of class can't be referred to by name, hence can't be
        // found from the generated bytecode.
        if (++numInvocations > ReflectionFactory.inflationThreshold()
                && !ReflectUtil.isVMAnonymousClass(method.getDeclaringClass())) {
            MethodAccessorImpl acc = (MethodAccessorImpl)
                new MethodAccessorGenerator().
                    generateMethod(method.getDeclaringClass(),
                                   method.getName(),
                                   method.getParameterTypes(),
                                   method.getReturnType(),
                                   method.getExceptionTypes(),
                                   method.getModifiers());
            parent.setDelegate(acc);
        }

        // invoke0 是个 native 方法，由jvm进行调用业务方法。从而完成反射调用功能。
        return invoke0(method, obj, args);
    }

    /** This routine is not thread-safe */
    public MethodAccessor generateMethod(Class<?> declaringClass,
                                         String   name,
                                         Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
                                         Class<?>   returnType,
                                         Class<?>[] checkedExceptions,
                                         int modifiers)
    {
        return (MethodAccessor) generate(declaringClass,
                                         name,
                                         parameterTypes,
                                         returnType,
                                         checkedExceptions,
                                         modifiers,
                                         false,
                                         false,
                                         null);
    }

    /** This routine is not thread-safe */
    private MagicAccessorImpl generate(final Class<?> declaringClass,
                                       String name,
                                       Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
                                       Class<?>   returnType,
                                       Class<?>[] checkedExceptions,
                                       int modifiers,
                                       boolean isConstructor,
                                       boolean forSerialization,
                                       Class<?> serializationTargetClass)
    {
        ByteVector vec = ByteVectorFactory.create();
        asm = new ClassFileAssembler(vec);
        this.declaringClass = declaringClass;
        this.parameterTypes = parameterTypes;
        this.returnType = returnType;
        this.modifiers = modifiers;
        this.isConstructor = isConstructor;
        this.forSerialization = forSerialization;

        asm.emitMagicAndVersion();

        // Constant pool entries:
        // ( * = Boxing information: optional)
        // (+  = Shared entries provided by AccessorGenerator)
        // (^  = Only present if generating SerializationConstructorAccessor)
        //     [UTF-8] [This class's name]
        //     [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //     [UTF-8] "sun/reflect/{MethodAccessorImpl,ConstructorAccessorImpl,SerializationConstructorAccessorImpl}"
        //     [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //     [UTF-8] [Target class's name]
        //     [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        // ^   [UTF-8] [Serialization: Class's name in which to invoke constructor]
        // ^   [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //     [UTF-8] target method or constructor name
        //     [UTF-8] target method or constructor signature
        //     [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //     [CONSTANT_Methodref_info or CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info] for target method
        //     [UTF-8] "invoke" or "newInstance"
        //     [UTF-8] invoke or newInstance descriptor
        //     [UTF-8] descriptor for type of non-primitive parameter 1
        //     [CONSTANT_Class_info] for type of non-primitive parameter 1
        //     ...
        //     [UTF-8] descriptor for type of non-primitive parameter n
        //     [CONSTANT_Class_info] for type of non-primitive parameter n
        // +   [UTF-8] "java/lang/Exception"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        // +   [UTF-8] "java/lang/ClassCastException"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        // +   [UTF-8] "java/lang/NullPointerException"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        // +   [UTF-8] "java/lang/IllegalArgumentException"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        // +   [UTF-8] "java/lang/InvocationTargetException"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        // +   [UTF-8] "<init>"
        // +   [UTF-8] "()V"
        // +   [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        // +   [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for NullPointerException's constructor
        // +   [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for IllegalArgumentException's constructor
        // +   [UTF-8] "(Ljava/lang/String;)V"
        // +   [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for "<init>(Ljava/lang/String;)V"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for IllegalArgumentException's constructor taking a String
        // +   [UTF-8] "(Ljava/lang/Throwable;)V"
        // +   [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for "<init>(Ljava/lang/Throwable;)V"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for InvocationTargetException's constructor
        // +   [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for "super()"
        // +   [UTF-8] "java/lang/Object"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        // +   [UTF-8] "toString"
        // +   [UTF-8] "()Ljava/lang/String;"
        // +   [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for "toString()Ljava/lang/String;"
        // +   [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for Object's toString method
        // +   [UTF-8] "Code"
        // +   [UTF-8] "Exceptions"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "java/lang/Boolean"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "(Z)V"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "booleanValue"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "()Z"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "java/lang/Byte"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "(B)V"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "byteValue"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "()B"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "java/lang/Character"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "(C)V"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "charValue"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "()C"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "java/lang/Double"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "(D)V"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "doubleValue"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "()D"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "java/lang/Float"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "(F)V"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "floatValue"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "()F"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "java/lang/Integer"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "(I)V"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "intValue"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "()I"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "java/lang/Long"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "(J)V"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "longValue"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "()J"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "java/lang/Short"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Class_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "(S)V"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above
        //  *  [UTF-8] "shortValue"
        //  *  [UTF-8] "()S"
        //  *  [CONSTANT_NameAndType_info] for above
        //  *  [CONSTANT_Methodref_info] for above

        short numCPEntries = NUM_BASE_CPOOL_ENTRIES + NUM_COMMON_CPOOL_ENTRIES;
        boolean usesPrimitives = usesPrimitiveTypes();
        if (usesPrimitives) {
            numCPEntries += NUM_BOXING_CPOOL_ENTRIES;
        }
        if (forSerialization) {
            numCPEntries += NUM_SERIALIZATION_CPOOL_ENTRIES;
        }

        // Add in variable-length number of entries to be able to describe
        // non-primitive parameter types and checked exceptions.
        numCPEntries += (short) (2 * numNonPrimitiveParameterTypes());

        asm.emitShort(add(numCPEntries, S1));

        final String generatedName = generateName(isConstructor, forSerialization);
        asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8(generatedName);
        asm.emitConstantPoolClass(asm.cpi());
        thisClass = asm.cpi();
        if (isConstructor) {
            if (forSerialization) {
                asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8
                    ("sun/reflect/SerializationConstructorAccessorImpl");
            } else {
                asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8("sun/reflect/ConstructorAccessorImpl");
            }
        } else {
            asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8("sun/reflect/MethodAccessorImpl");
        }
        asm.emitConstantPoolClass(asm.cpi());
        superClass = asm.cpi();
        asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8(getClassName(declaringClass, false));
        asm.emitConstantPoolClass(asm.cpi());
        targetClass = asm.cpi();
        short serializationTargetClassIdx = (short) 0;
        if (forSerialization) {
            asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8(getClassName(serializationTargetClass, false));
            asm.emitConstantPoolClass(asm.cpi());
            serializationTargetClassIdx = asm.cpi();
        }
        asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8(name);
        asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8(buildInternalSignature());
        asm.emitConstantPoolNameAndType(sub(asm.cpi(), S1), asm.cpi());
        if (isInterface()) {
            asm.emitConstantPoolInterfaceMethodref(targetClass, asm.cpi());
        } else {
            if (forSerialization) {
                asm.emitConstantPoolMethodref(serializationTargetClassIdx, asm.cpi());
            } else {
                asm.emitConstantPoolMethodref(targetClass, asm.cpi());
            }
        }
        targetMethodRef = asm.cpi();
        if (isConstructor) {
            asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8("newInstance");
        } else {
            asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8("invoke");
        }
        invokeIdx = asm.cpi();
        if (isConstructor) {
            asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8("([Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
        } else {
            asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8
                ("(Ljava/lang/Object;[Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;");
        }
        invokeDescriptorIdx = asm.cpi();

        // Output class information for non-primitive parameter types
        nonPrimitiveParametersBaseIdx = add(asm.cpi(), S2);
        for (int i = 0; i < parameterTypes.length; i++) {
            Class<?> c = parameterTypes[i];
            if (!isPrimitive(c)) {
                asm.emitConstantPoolUTF8(getClassName(c, false));
                asm.emitConstantPoolClass(asm.cpi());
            }
        }

        // Entries common to FieldAccessor, MethodAccessor and ConstructorAccessor
        emitCommonConstantPoolEntries();

        // Boxing entries
        if (usesPrimitives) {
            emitBoxingContantPoolEntries();
        }

        if (asm.cpi() != numCPEntries) {
            throw new InternalError("Adjust this code (cpi = " + asm.cpi() +
                                    ", numCPEntries = " + numCPEntries + ")");
        }

        // Access flags
        asm.emitShort(ACC_PUBLIC);

        // This class
        asm.emitShort(thisClass);

        // Superclass
        asm.emitShort(superClass);

        // Interfaces count and interfaces
        asm.emitShort(S0);

        // Fields count and fields
        asm.emitShort(S0);

        // Methods count and methods
        asm.emitShort(NUM_METHODS);

        emitConstructor();
        emitInvoke();

        // Additional attributes (none)
        asm.emitShort(S0);

        // Load class
        vec.trim();
        final byte[] bytes = vec.getData();
        // Note: the class loader is the only thing that really matters
        // here -- it's important to get the generated code into the
        // same namespace as the target class. Since the generated code
        // is privileged anyway, the protection domain probably doesn't
        // matter.
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new PrivilegedAction<MagicAccessorImpl>() {
                public MagicAccessorImpl run() {
                        try {
                        return (MagicAccessorImpl)
                        ClassDefiner.defineClass
                                (generatedName,
                                 bytes,
                                 0,
                                 bytes.length,
                                 declaringClass.getClassLoader()).newInstance();
                        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
                            throw new InternalError(e);
                        }
                    }
                });
    }