二、环境配置（所有节点操作）

修改主机名

#master节点
hostnamectl set-hostname master
bash
#node节点
hostnamectl set-hostname node
bash

配置hosts映射

cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF
192.168.200.5 master
192.168.200.6 node
EOF

关闭防火墙

systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld

关闭selinux

setenforce 0
sed -i "s/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/g" /etc/selinux/config

关闭交换分区

为了保证 kubelet 正常工作，必须禁用交换分区。

swapoff -a
sed -i 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab

转发 IPv4 并让 iptables 看到桥接流

为了让 Linux 节点的 iptables 能够正确查看桥接流量，请确认 sysctl 配置中的 net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables 设置为 1。

#转发 IPv4 并让 iptables 看到桥接流量
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF

sudo modprobe overlay
sudo modprobe br_netfilter
lsmod | grep br_netfilter #验证br_netfilter模块
# 设置所需的 sysctl 参数，参数在重新启动后保持不变
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables  = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward                 = 1
EOF

# 应用 sysctl 参数而不重新启动
sudo sysctl --system

配置 时间同步

#删除centos默认repo包，配置阿里云Centos-7.repo包
rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*
curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo

#方式1：安装配置chrony时间同步
IP=`ip addr | grep 'state UP' -A2 | grep inet | egrep -v '(127.0.0.1|inet6|docker)' | awk '{print $2}' | tr -d "addr:" | head -n 1 | cut -d / -f1`
yum install -y chrony
sed -i '3,6s/^/#/g' /etc/chrony.conf
sed -i "7s|^|server $IP iburst|g" /etc/chrony.conf
echo "allow all" >> /etc/chrony.conf
echo "local stratum 10" >> /etc/chrony.conf
systemctl restart chronyd
systemctl enable chronyd
timedatectl set-ntp true
sleep 5
systemctl restart chronyd
chronyc sources

#方式2：时间同步  注意：系统重启后恢复成原时间
yum install ntpdate -y
ntpdate ntp1.aliyun.com

三、安装containerd（所有节点操作）

3.1、安装containerd

下载containerd包
首先访问https://github.com/，搜索containerd，进入项目找到Releases，下拉找到对应版本的tar包，如图所示：

$ tar Cvzxf /usr/local containerd-1.6.9-linux-amd64.tar.gz

# 通过 systemd 启动 containerd
$ vi /etc/systemd/system/containerd.service
# Copyright The containerd Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

[Unit]
Description=containerd container runtime
Documentation=https://containerd.io
After=network.target local-fs.target

[Service]
#uncomment to enable the experimental sbservice (sandboxed) version of containerd/cri integration
#Environment="ENABLE_CRI_SANDBOXES=sandboxed"
ExecStartPre=-/sbin/modprobe overlay
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/containerd

Type=notify
Delegate=yes
KillMode=process
Restart=always
RestartSec=5
# Having non-zero Limit*s causes performance problems due to accounting overhead
# in the kernel. We recommend using cgroups to do container-local accounting.
LimitNPROC=infinity
LimitCORE=infinity
LimitNOFILE=infinity
# Comment TasksMax if your systemd version does not supports it.
# Only systemd 226 and above support this version.
TasksMax=infinity
OOMScoreAdjust=-999

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

# 加载配置、启动
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now containerd
# 验证
ctr version
#生成配置文件
mkdir /etc/containerd
containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml
systemctl restart containerd

3.2、安装runc

#下载runc地址：https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases
# 安装
install -m 755 runc.amd64 /usr/local/sbin/runc
# 验证
runc -v

3.3、安装CNI

#下载CNI地址：https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases
mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin
tar Cxzvf /opt/cni/bin cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.1.1.tgz

3.4、配置加速器

#参考：https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/cri/config.md#registry-configuration
#添加 config_path = "/etc/containerd/certs.d"
sed -i 's/config_path\ =.*/config_path = \"\/etc\/containerd\/certs.d\"/g' /etc/containerd/config.toml
mkdir /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io -p

cat > /etc/containerd/certs.d/docker.io/hosts.toml << EOF
server = "https://docker.io"
[host."https://vh3bm52y.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
  capabilities = ["pull", "resolve"]
EOF
  
systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl restart containerd

四、cgroup 驱动（所有节点操作）

在 Linux 上，控制组（CGroup）用于限制分配给进程的资源。

kubelet 和底层容器运行时都需要对接控制组 为 Pod 和容器管理资源 ，如 CPU、内存这类资源设置请求和限制。
若要对接控制组（CGroup），kubelet 和容器运行时需要使用一个 cgroup 驱动。 关键的一点是 kubelet 和容器运行时需使用相同的 cgroup 驱动并且采用相同的配置。

#把SystemdCgroup = false修改为：SystemdCgroup = true
sed -i 's/SystemdCgroup\ =\ false/SystemdCgroup\ =\ true/g' /etc/containerd/config.toml
#把sandbox_image = "k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.6"修改为：sandbox_image="registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.8"
sed -i 's/sandbox_image\ =.*/sandbox_image\ =\ "registry.aliyuncs.com\/google_containers\/pause:3.8"/g' /etc/containerd/config.toml|grep sandbox_image

systemctl daemon-reload 
systemctl restart containerd

五、安装crictl（所有节点操作）

kubernetes中使用crictl管理容器，不使用ctr。

crictl 是 CRI 兼容的容器运行时命令行接口。 可以使用它来检查和调试 Kubernetes 节点上的容器运行时和应用程序。

#配置crictl对接ctr容器运行时。
tar -vzxf crictl-v1.25.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv crictl /usr/local/bin/

cat >>  /etc/crictl.yaml << EOF
runtime-endpoint: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock
image-endpoint: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock
timeout: 10
debug: true
EOF

systemctl restart containerd

六、kubeadm部署集群

6.1、安装kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl（所有节点操作）

cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
repo_gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
yum install  --nogpgcheck kubelet-1.25.3 kubeadm-1.25.3 kubectl-1.25.3 -y
systemctl enable kubelet

• yum安装时出现错误，如下：

# 详情参考：https://blog.csdn.net/Dan1374219106/article/details/112450922

[root@master ~]# yum install  --nogpgcheck kubelet
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Existing lock /var/run/yum.pid: another copy is running as pid 8721.
Another app is currently holding the yum lock; waiting for it to exit...
  The other application is: yum
    Memory :  44 M RSS (444 MB VSZ)
    Started: Fri Nov 11 20:40:32 2022 - 02:07 ago
    State  : Traced/Stopped, pid: 8721

#解决方法
[root@master ~]# rm -f /var/run/yum.pid

6.1.1、配置ipvs

#参考：https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1717552#:~:text=%E5%9C%A8%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E8%8A%82%E7%82%B9%E4%B8%8A%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85ipset%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%8C%85%20yum%20install%20ipset%20-y,%E4%B8%BA%E4%BA%86%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8Bipvs%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E8%A6%81%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85ipvsadm%20%28%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%89%29%20yum%20install%20ipvsadm%20-y

#安装ipset和ipvsadm
yum install ipset ipvsadm -y
#由于ipvs已经加入到了内核的主干，所以为kube-proxy开启ipvs的前提需要加载以下的内核模块
cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules << EOF
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF
#执行加载模块脚本
/bin/bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules
#查看对应的模块是否加载成功
lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

#配置kubelet
cat >>  /etc/sysconfig/kubelet << EOF
# KUBELET_CGROUP_ARGS="--cgroup-driver=systemd"
KUBE_PROXY_MODE="ipvs"
EOF

6.2、kubeadm初始化（master节点操作）

#查看我们kubeadm版本，这里为GitVersion:"v1.25.3"
[root@master ~]# kubeadm version
kubeadm version: &version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"25", GitVersion:"v1.25.3", GitCommit:"434bfd82814af038ad94d62ebe59b133fcb50506", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2022-10-12T10:55:36Z", GoVersion:"go1.19.2", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}

# 生成默认配置文件
$ kubeadm config print init-defaults > kubeadm.yaml
$ vi kubeadm.yaml
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
bootstrapTokens:
- groups:
  - system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
  token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
  ttl: 24h0m0s
  usages:
  - signing
  - authentication
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
  advertiseAddress: 192.168.200.5  # 修改为宿主机ip
  bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
  criSocket: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock
  imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  name: master   # 修改为宿主机名
  taints: null
---
apiServer:
  timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controllerManager: {}
dns: {}
etcd:
  local:
    dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers # 修改为阿里镜像
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: 1.25.3  # kubeadm的版本为多少这里就修改为多少
networking:
  dnsDomain: cluster.local
  serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/12
  podSubnet: 10.244.0.0/16   ## 设置pod网段
scheduler: {}

###添加内容：配置kubelet的CGroup为systemd
---
kind: KubeletConfiguration
apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
cgroupDriver: systemd

#下载镜像
$ kubeadm config images pull --image-repository=registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers  --kubernetes-version=v1.25.3
#初始化
$ kubeadm init --config kubeadm.yaml
Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 192.168.200.5:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
        --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7d52da1b42af69666db3483b30a389ab143a1a199b500843741dfd5f180bcb3f

# master节点执行
[root@master ~]# mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
[root@master ~]#   sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
[root@master ~]#   sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config


# node节点执行
[root@node ~]#  kubeadm join 192.168.200.5:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef         --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7d52da1b42af69666db3483b30a389ab143a1a199b500843741dfd5f180bcb3f

# master节点执行
[root@master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME     STATUS     ROLES           AGE     VERSION
master   NotReady   control-plane   3m25s   v1.25.4
node     NotReady   <none>          118s    v1.25.4

6.3、部署网络（master节点操作）

6.3.1、说明

本博客测试时，由于ctr拉取镜像特别慢，所有我们这里采用docker拉取镜像。首先在node节点安装docker-ce，拉取calico网络插件需要的镜像，再使用docker save命令打包后上传镜像到master节点。步骤如下：

注意：使用calico.yaml下载地址下载后有可能不能使用，报错信息如下。打开配置文件后发现镜像版本为 v3.14.2。这个版本本人测试时是不可用的。报错信息：resource mapping not found for name: "bgpconfigurations.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
版本“apiextension.k8s.io/v1beta1”中的类型“CustomResourceDefinition”不匹配

#如果遇到上述情况，请下载使用本博客提供的calico.yaml文件。

yum install -y wget
wget https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.14/manifests/calico.yaml --no-check-certificate

#部署calico报错，使用本博客所提供的calico文件部署
[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f calico.yaml
configmap/calico-config configured
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/calico-kube-controllers configured
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/calico-kube-controllers unchanged
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/calico-node configured
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/calico-node unchanged
Warning: spec.template.metadata.annotations[scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod]: non-functional in v1.16+; use the "priorityClassName" field instead
daemonset.apps/calico-node configured
serviceaccount/calico-node unchanged
deployment.apps/calico-kube-controllers configured
serviceaccount/calico-kube-controllers unchanged
resource mapping not found for name: "bgpconfigurations.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "bgppeers.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "blockaffinities.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "clusterinformations.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "felixconfigurations.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "globalnetworkpolicies.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "globalnetworksets.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "hostendpoints.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "ipamblocks.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "ipamconfigs.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "ipamhandles.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "ippools.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "kubecontrollersconfigurations.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "networkpolicies.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first
resource mapping not found for name: "networksets.crd.projectcalico.org" namespace: "" from "calico.yaml": no matches for kind "CustomResourceDefinition" in version "apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1"
ensure CRDs are installed first

6.3.2、操作（calico下载）

关注微信公众号：CloudLog无名小歌 或 秋意临，回复calico获取下载。

node节点安装docker-ce，并拉取镜像如下

#安装docker-ce
curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
yum-config-manager --add-repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
sed -i 's+download.docker.com+mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce+' /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
yum -y install docker-ce

#配置加速器
mkdir /etc/docker
cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json << EOF
{
"registry-mirrors":["https://vh3bm52y.mirror.aliyuncs.com","https://registry.docker-cn.com","https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn","https://dockerhub.azk8s.cn","http://hub-mirror.c.163.com"]
}
EOF

sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

#拉取镜像、打包镜像
docker pull docker.io/calico/node:v3.24.4
docker save -o calico_node_v3.24.4.tar docker.io/calico/node:v3.24.4

docker pull docker.io/calico/cni:v3.24.4
docker save -o calico_cni_v3.24.4.tar docker.io/calico/cni:v3.24.4

docker pull docker.io/calico/kube-controllers:v3.24.4
docker save -o calico_kube-controllers_v3.24.4.tar docker.io/calico/kube-controllers:v3.24.4

master节点执行

由于container有命名空间的概念，kubernetes的名称空间为k8s.io。

#导入镜像到k8s.io名称空间
ctr -n k8s.io image import calico_node_v3.24.4.tar
ctr -n k8s.io image import calico_cni_v3.24.4.tar
ctr -n k8s.io image import calico_kube-controllers_v3.24.4.tar

#查看镜像是否导入到k8s.io名称空间
[root@master ~]# crictl images
...
...
IMAGE                                                             TAG                 IMAGE ID            SIZE
docker.io/calico/cni                                              v3.24.4             0b046c51c02a8       198MB
docker.io/calico/kube-controllers                                 v3.24.4             0830ebe059a9e       71.4MB
docker.io/calico/node                                             v3.24.4             32c45127e587f       226MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns                   v1.9.3              5185b96f0becf       14.8MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd                      3.5.4-0             a8a176a5d5d69       102MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver            v1.25.3             0346dbd74bcb9       34.2MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager   v1.25.3             6039992312758       31.3MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy                v1.25.3             beaaf00edd38a       20.3MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler            v1.25.3             6d23ec0e8b87e       15.8MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause                     3.8                 4873874c08efc       311kB


#下载本博客提供的calico.yaml文件后运行。运行后等待几分钟后即可。
[root@master ~]# kubectl apply -f calico.yaml
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -A
NAMESPACE     NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-c676cc86f-ddp44          1/1     Running   0          87m
kube-system   coredns-c676cc86f-mg278          1/1     Running   0          87m
kube-system   etcd-master                      1/1     Running   0          87m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-master            1/1     Running   0          87m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-master   1/1     Running   0          87m
kube-system   kube-proxy-75svm                 1/1     Running   0          87m
kube-system   kube-proxy-7bl66                 1/1     Running   0          87m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-master            1/1     Running   0          87m
[root@master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME     STATUS   ROLES           AGE   VERSION
master   Ready    control-plane   87m   v1.25.3
node     Ready    <none>          86m   v1.25.3

至此kubernetes集群搭建完毕~~~

总结

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(⊙o⊙)，我们下期再见！！！

参考文档

containerd：https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md
kubernetes：https://kubernetes.io/zh-cn/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/