一、SpringMVC常用组件

• DispatcherServlet：前端控制器，不需要工程师开发，由框架提供

作用：统一处理请求和响应，整个流程控制的中心，由它调用其它组件处理用户的请求

• HandlerMapping：处理器映射器，不需要工程师开发，由框架提供

作用：根据请求的url、method等信息查找Handler，即控制器方法

• Handler：处理器，需要工程师开发

作用：在DispatcherServlet的控制下Handler对具体的用户请求进行处理

• HandlerAdapter：处理器适配器，不需要工程师开发，由框架提供

作用：通过HandlerAdapter对处理器（控制器方法）进行执行

• ViewResolver：视图解析器，不需要工程师开发，由框架提供

作用：进行视图解析，得到相应的视图，例如：ThymeleafView、InternalResourceView、RedirectView

• View：视图

作用：将模型数据通过页面展示给用户

二、DispatcherServlet初始化过程

DispatcherServlet 本质上是一个 Servlet，所以天然的遵循 Servlet 的生命周期。所以宏观上是 Servlet 生命周期来进行调度。

a>初始化WebApplicationContext

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet

protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() {
    WebApplicationContext rootContext =
        WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext());
    WebApplicationContext wac = null;

    if (this.webApplicationContext != null) {
        // A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it
        wac = this.webApplicationContext;
        if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
            ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac;
            if (!cwac.isActive()) {
                // The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
                // setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
                if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
                    // The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> set
                    // the root application context (if any; may be null) as the parent
                    cwac.setParent(rootContext);
                }
                configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac);
            }
        }
    }
    if (wac == null) {
        // No context instance was injected at construction time -> see if one
        // has been registered in the servlet context. If one exists, it is assumed
        // that the parent context (if any) has already been set and that the
        // user has performed any initialization such as setting the context id
        wac = findWebApplicationContext();
    }
    if (wac == null) {
        // No context instance is defined for this servlet -> create a local one
        // 创建WebApplicationContext
        wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext);
    }

    if (!this.refreshEventReceived) {
        // Either the context is not a ConfigurableApplicationContext with refresh
        // support or the context injected at construction time had already been
        // refreshed -> trigger initial onRefresh manually here.
        synchronized (this.onRefreshMonitor) {
            // 刷新WebApplicationContext
            onRefresh(wac);
        }
    }

    if (this.publishContext) {
        // Publish the context as a servlet context attribute.
        // 将IOC容器在应用域共享
        String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName();
        getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac);
    }

    return wac;
}

b>创建WebApplicationContext

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet

protected WebApplicationContext createWebApplicationContext(@Nullable ApplicationContext parent) {
    Class<?> contextClass = getContextClass();
    if (!ConfigurableWebApplicationContext.class.isAssignableFrom(contextClass)) {
        throw new ApplicationContextException(
            "Fatal initialization error in servlet with name '" + getServletName() +
            "': custom WebApplicationContext class [" + contextClass.getName() +
            "] is not of type ConfigurableWebApplicationContext");
    }
    // 通过反射创建 IOC 容器对象
    ConfigurableWebApplicationContext wac =
        (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);

    wac.setEnvironment(getEnvironment());
    // 设置父容器
    wac.setParent(parent);
    String configLocation = getContextConfigLocation();
    if (configLocation != null) {
        wac.setConfigLocation(configLocation);
    }
    configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(wac);

    return wac;
}

c>DispatcherServlet初始化策略

FrameworkServlet创建WebApplicationContext后，刷新容器，调用onRefresh(wac)，此方法在DispatcherServlet中进行了重写，调用了initStrategies(context)方法，初始化策略，即初始化DispatcherServlet的各个组件

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet

protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) {
   initMultipartResolver(context);
   initLocaleResolver(context);
   initThemeResolver(context);
   initHandlerMappings(context);
   initHandlerAdapters(context);
   initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context);
   initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context);
   initViewResolvers(context);
   initFlashMapManager(context);
}

三、DispatcherServlet调用组件处理请求

a>processRequest()

FrameworkServlet重写HttpServlet中的service()和doXxx()，这些方法中调用了processRequest(request, response)

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet

protected final void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
    throws ServletException, IOException {

    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    Throwable failureCause = null;

    LocaleContext previousLocaleContext = LocaleContextHolder.getLocaleContext();
    LocaleContext localeContext = buildLocaleContext(request);

    RequestAttributes previousAttributes = RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes();
    ServletRequestAttributes requestAttributes = buildRequestAttributes(request, response, previousAttributes);

    WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);
    asyncManager.registerCallableInterceptor(FrameworkServlet.class.getName(), new RequestBindingInterceptor());

    initContextHolders(request, localeContext, requestAttributes);

    try {
		// 执行服务，doService()是一个抽象方法，在DispatcherServlet中进行了重写
        doService(request, response);
    }
    catch (ServletException | IOException ex) {
        failureCause = ex;
        throw ex;
    }
    catch (Throwable ex) {
        failureCause = ex;
        throw new NestedServletException("Request processing failed", ex);
    }

    finally {
        resetContextHolders(request, previousLocaleContext, previousAttributes);
        if (requestAttributes != null) {
            requestAttributes.requestCompleted();
        }
        logResult(request, response, failureCause, asyncManager);
        publishRequestHandledEvent(request, response, startTime, failureCause);
    }
}

b>doService()

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet

@Override
protected void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
    logRequest(request);

    // Keep a snapshot of the request attributes in case of an include,
    // to be able to restore the original attributes after the include.
    Map<String, Object> attributesSnapshot = null;
    if (WebUtils.isIncludeRequest(request)) {
        attributesSnapshot = new HashMap<>();
        Enumeration<?> attrNames = request.getAttributeNames();
        while (attrNames.hasMoreElements()) {
            String attrName = (String) attrNames.nextElement();
            if (this.cleanupAfterInclude || attrName.startsWith(DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PREFIX)) {
                attributesSnapshot.put(attrName, request.getAttribute(attrName));
            }
        }
    }

    // Make framework objects available to handlers and view objects.
    request.setAttribute(WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, getWebApplicationContext());
    request.setAttribute(LOCALE_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.localeResolver);
    request.setAttribute(THEME_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.themeResolver);
    request.setAttribute(THEME_SOURCE_ATTRIBUTE, getThemeSource());

    if (this.flashMapManager != null) {
        FlashMap inputFlashMap = this.flashMapManager.retrieveAndUpdate(request, response);
        if (inputFlashMap != null) {
            request.setAttribute(INPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, Collections.unmodifiableMap(inputFlashMap));
        }
        request.setAttribute(OUTPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, new FlashMap());
        request.setAttribute(FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_ATTRIBUTE, this.flashMapManager);
    }

    RequestPath requestPath = null;
    if (this.parseRequestPath && !ServletRequestPathUtils.hasParsedRequestPath(request)) {
        requestPath = ServletRequestPathUtils.parseAndCache(request);
    }

    try {
        // 处理请求和响应
        doDispatch(request, response);
    }
    finally {
        if (!WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
            // Restore the original attribute snapshot, in case of an include.
            if (attributesSnapshot != null) {
                restoreAttributesAfterInclude(request, attributesSnapshot);
            }
        }
        if (requestPath != null) {
            ServletRequestPathUtils.clearParsedRequestPath(request);
        }
    }
}

c>doDispatch()

所在类：org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet

protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
    HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;
    HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;
    boolean multipartRequestParsed = false;

    WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);

    try {
        ModelAndView mv = null;
        Exception dispatchException = null;

        try {
            processedRequest = checkMultipart(request);
            multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request);

            // Determine handler for the current request.
            /*
            	mappedHandler：调用链
                包含handler、interceptorList、interceptorIndex
            	handler：浏览器发送的请求所匹配的控制器方法
            	interceptorList：处理控制器方法的所有拦截器集合
            	interceptorIndex：拦截器索引，控制拦截器afterCompletion()的执行
            */
            mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest);
            if (mappedHandler == null) {
                noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response);
                return;
            }

            // Determine handler adapter for the current request.
           	// 通过控制器方法创建相应的处理器适配器，调用所对应的控制器方法
            HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());

            // Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler.
            String method = request.getMethod();
            boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method);
            if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) {
                long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler());
                if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) {
                    return;
                }
            }
			
            // 调用拦截器的preHandle()
            if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {
                return;
            }

            // Actually invoke the handler.
            // 由处理器适配器调用具体的控制器方法，最终获得ModelAndView对象
            mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());

            if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
                return;
            }

            applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv);
            // 调用拦截器的postHandle()
            mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            dispatchException = ex;
        }
        catch (Throwable err) {
            // As of 4.3, we're processing Errors thrown from handler methods as well,
            // making them available for @ExceptionHandler methods and other scenarios.
            dispatchException = new NestedServletException("Handler dispatch failed", err);
        }
        // 后续处理：处理模型数据和渲染视图
        processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException);
    }
    catch (Exception ex) {
        triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex);
    }
    catch (Throwable err) {
        triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler,
                               new NestedServletException("Handler processing failed", err));
    }
    finally {
        if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
            // Instead of postHandle and afterCompletion
            if (mappedHandler != null) {
                mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response);
            }
        }
        else {
            // Clean up any resources used by a multipart request.
            if (multipartRequestParsed) {
                cleanupMultipart(processedRequest);
            }
        }
    }
}

d>processDispatchResult()

private void processDispatchResult(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
                                   @Nullable HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler, @Nullable ModelAndView mv,
                                   @Nullable Exception exception) throws Exception {

    boolean errorView = false;

    if (exception != null) {
        if (exception instanceof ModelAndViewDefiningException) {
            logger.debug("ModelAndViewDefiningException encountered", exception);
            mv = ((ModelAndViewDefiningException) exception).getModelAndView();
        }
        else {
            Object handler = (mappedHandler != null ? mappedHandler.getHandler() : null);
            mv = processHandlerException(request, response, handler, exception);
            errorView = (mv != null);
        }
    }

    // Did the handler return a view to render?
    if (mv != null && !mv.wasCleared()) {
        // 处理模型数据和渲染视图
        render(mv, request, response);
        if (errorView) {
            WebUtils.clearErrorRequestAttributes(request);
        }
    }
    else {
        if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
            logger.trace("No view rendering, null ModelAndView returned.");
        }
    }

    if (WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
        // Concurrent handling started during a forward
        return;
    }

    if (mappedHandler != null) {
        // Exception (if any) is already handled..
        // 调用拦截器的afterCompletion()
        mappedHandler.triggerAfterCompletion(request, response, null);
    }
}

四、SpringMVC的执行流程

1. 用户向服务器发送请求，请求被SpringMVC 前端控制器 DispatcherServlet捕获。

2. DispatcherServlet对请求URL进行解析，得到请求资源标识符（URI），判断请求URI对应的映射：

   a) 不存在

   i. 再判断是否配置了mvc:default-servlet-handler

   ii. 如果没配置，则控制台报映射查找不到，客户端展示404错误

   

   

   iii. 如果有配置，则访问目标资源（一般为静态资源，如：JS,CSS,HTML），找不到客户端也会展示404错误

   

   

   b) 存在则执行下面的流程

3. 根据该URI，调用HandlerMapping获得该Handler配置的所有相关的对象（包括Handler对象以及Handler对象对应的拦截器），最后以HandlerExecutionChain执行链对象的形式返回。

4. DispatcherServlet 根据获得的Handler，选择一个合适的HandlerAdapter。

5. 如果成功获得HandlerAdapter，此时将开始执行拦截器的preHandler(…)方法【正向】

6. 提取Request中的模型数据，填充Handler入参，开始执行Handler（Controller)方法，处理请求。在填充Handler的入参过程中，根据你的配置，Spring将帮你做一些额外的工作：

   a) HttpMessageConveter： 将请求消息（如Json、xml等数据）转换成一个对象，将对象转换为指定的响应信息

   b) 数据转换：对请求消息进行数据转换。如String转换成Integer、Double等

   c) 数据格式化：对请求消息进行数据格式化。 如将字符串转换成格式化数字或格式化日期等

   d) 数据验证： 验证数据的有效性（长度、格式等），验证结果存储到BindingResult或Error中

7. Handler执行完成后，向DispatcherServlet 返回一个ModelAndView对象。

8. 此时将开始执行拦截器的postHandle(…)方法【逆向】。

9. 根据返回的ModelAndView（此时会判断是否存在异常：如果存在异常，则执行HandlerExceptionResolver进行异常处理）选择一个适合的ViewResolver进行视图解析，根据Model和View，来渲染视图。

10. 渲染视图完毕执行拦截器的afterCompletion(…)方法【逆向】。

11. 将渲染结果返回给客户端。