在 Golang 中构建 CRUD 应用程序
在本教程中,我们将在 Golang 中构建一个 CRUD 应用程序。我们将使用 gorilla/mux
库作为 api 和 PostgreSQL DB 来存储数据。
在 $GOPATH 之外创建一个新的项目目录 go-postgres。
在 go-postgres 项目中打开终端。实例化 go 模块。
go mod init go-postgres
安装依赖
我们将在这个项目中使用 3 个包,在 go-postgres 项目中打开终端。
1. gorilla/mux router
gorilla/mux
包实现了一个请求路由器和调度程序,用于将传入请求与其各自的处理程序匹配。
go get -u github.com/gorilla/mux
2. lib/pq driver
Go 的 database/sql
包的纯 Go postgres 驱动程序。
go get github.com/lib/pq
我们将使用 godotenv 包来读取 .env
文件。 .env
文件用于保存环境变量。环境变量用于保护敏感数据的安全。
go get github.com/joho/godotenv
现在,打开 go.mod
并检查。所有已安装的依赖项都列出了已安装的版本。
与此类似,版本可以不同。
module go-postgres
require (
github.com/gorilla/mux v1.7.4
github.com/joho/godotenv v1.3.0
github.com/lib/pq v1.3.0
)
安装 Postgres
PostgreSQL 是一个功能强大的开源对象关系数据库系统。它以可靠性、功能稳健性和性能而闻名。
创建实例后。现在,我们必须创建一个表。转到 ElephantSQL 中的 Browser 选项卡并粘贴下面的创建表查询并执行它。我们使用 SERIAL 类型作为用户 ID。 SERIAL 每次插入操作都会自动递增。
CREATE TABLE users (
userid SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name TEXT,
age INT,
location TEXT
);
项目目录结构
该项目分为 4 个部分,以保持代码模块化和干净。
目录结构为:
|- go-postgres
|- middleware
|- handlers.go
|- models
|- models.go
|- router
|- router.go
|- .env
|- main.go
模型
模型包将存储数据库模式。我们将使用 struct 类型来表示或映射 golang 中的数据库模式。
在 go-postgres
项目中创建一个新的文件夹模型。
在模型中创建一个新文件 models.go
并粘贴以下代码。
package models
// User schema of the user table
type User struct {
ID int64 `json:"id"`
Name string `json:"name"`
Location string `json:"location"`
Age int64 `json:"age"`
}
User 结构是我们在上面创建的 users 表的表示。
中间件
中间件包是 API 和数据库之间的桥梁。这个包将处理所有的数据库操作,如插入、选择、更新和删除 (CRUD)。
创建一个新文件夹 middleware
并在其中创建一个新文件 handlers.go
。
粘贴以下代码。
package middleware
import (
"database/sql"
"encoding/json" // package to encode and decode the json into struct and vice versa
"fmt"
"go-postgres/models" // models package where User schema is defined
"log"
"net/http" // used to access the request and response object of the api
"os" // used to read the environment variable
"strconv" // package used to covert string into int type
"github.com/gorilla/mux" // used to get the params from the route
"github.com/joho/godotenv" // package used to read the .env file
_ "github.com/lib/pq" // postgres golang driver
)
// response format
type response struct {
ID int64 `json:"id,omitempty"`
Message string `json:"message,omitempty"`
}
// create connection with postgres db
func createConnection() *sql.DB {
// load .env file
err := godotenv.Load(".env")
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Error loading .env file")
}
// Open the connection
db, err := sql.Open("postgres", os.Getenv("POSTGRES_URL"))
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// check the connection
err = db.Ping()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println("Successfully connected!")
// return the connection
return db
}
// CreateUser create a user in the postgres db
func CreateUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// set the header to content type x-www-form-urlencoded
// Allow all origin to handle cors issue
w.Header().Set("Context-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "POST")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type")
// create an empty user of type models.User
var user models.User
// decode the json request to user
err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&user)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to decode the request body. %v", err)
}
// call insert user function and pass the user
insertID := insertUser(user)
// format a response object
res := response{
ID: insertID,
Message: "User created successfully",
}
// send the response
json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(res)
}
// GetUser will return a single user by its id
func GetUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Context-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
// get the userid from the request params, key is "id"
params := mux.Vars(r)
// convert the id type from string to int
id, err := strconv.Atoi(params["id"])
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to convert the string into int. %v", err)
}
// call the getUser function with user id to retrieve a single user
user, err := getUser(int64(id))
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to get user. %v", err)
}
// send the response
json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(user)
}
// GetAllUser will return all the users
func GetAllUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Context-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
// get all the users in the db
users, err := getAllUsers()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to get all user. %v", err)
}
// send all the users as response
json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(users)
}
// UpdateUser update user's detail in the postgres db
func UpdateUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "PUT")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type")
// get the userid from the request params, key is "id"
params := mux.Vars(r)
// convert the id type from string to int
id, err := strconv.Atoi(params["id"])
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to convert the string into int. %v", err)
}
// create an empty user of type models.User
var user models.User
// decode the json request to user
err = json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&user)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to decode the request body. %v", err)
}
// call update user to update the user
updatedRows := updateUser(int64(id), user)
// format the message string
msg := fmt.Sprintf("User updated successfully. Total rows/record affected %v", updatedRows)
// format the response message
res := response{
ID: int64(id),
Message: msg,
}
// send the response
json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(res)
}
// DeleteUser delete user's detail in the postgres db
func DeleteUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Context-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "DELETE")
w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type")
// get the userid from the request params, key is "id"
params := mux.Vars(r)
// convert the id in string to int
id, err := strconv.Atoi(params["id"])
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to convert the string into int. %v", err)
}
// call the deleteUser, convert the int to int64
deletedRows := deleteUser(int64(id))
// format the message string
msg := fmt.Sprintf("User updated successfully. Total rows/record affected %v", deletedRows)
// format the reponse message
res := response{
ID: int64(id),
Message: msg,
}
// send the response
json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(res)
}
//------------------------- handler functions ----------------
// insert one user in the DB
func insertUser(user models.User) int64 {
// create the postgres db connection
db := createConnection()
// close the db connection
defer db.Close()
// create the insert sql query
// returning userid will return the id of the inserted user
sqlStatement := `INSERT INTO users (name, location, age) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING userid`
// the inserted id will store in this id
var id int64
// execute the sql statement
// Scan function will save the insert id in the id
err := db.QueryRow(sqlStatement, user.Name, user.Location, user.Age).Scan(&id)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to execute the query. %v", err)
}
fmt.Printf("Inserted a single record %v", id)
// return the inserted id
return id
}
// get one user from the DB by its userid
func getUser(id int64) (models.User, error) {
// create the postgres db connection
db := createConnection()
// close the db connection
defer db.Close()
// create a user of models.User type
var user models.User
// create the select sql query
sqlStatement := `SELECT * FROM users WHERE userid=$1`
// execute the sql statement
row := db.QueryRow(sqlStatement, id)
// unmarshal the row object to user
err := row.Scan(&user.ID, &user.Name, &user.Age, &user.Location)
switch err {
case sql.ErrNoRows:
fmt.Println("No rows were returned!")
return user, nil
case nil:
return user, nil
default:
log.Fatalf("Unable to scan the row. %v", err)
}
// return empty user on error
return user, err
}
// get one user from the DB by its userid
func getAllUsers() ([]models.User, error) {
// create the postgres db connection
db := createConnection()
// close the db connection
defer db.Close()
var users []models.User
// create the select sql query
sqlStatement := `SELECT * FROM users`
// execute the sql statement
rows, err := db.Query(sqlStatement)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to execute the query. %v", err)
}
// close the statement
defer rows.Close()
// iterate over the rows
for rows.Next() {
var user models.User
// unmarshal the row object to user
err = rows.Scan(&user.ID, &user.Name, &user.Age, &user.Location)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to scan the row. %v", err)
}
// append the user in the users slice
users = append(users, user)
}
// return empty user on error
return users, err
}
// update user in the DB
func updateUser(id int64, user models.User) int64 {
// create the postgres db connection
db := createConnection()
// close the db connection
defer db.Close()
// create the update sql query
sqlStatement := `UPDATE users SET name=$2, location=$3, age=$4 WHERE userid=$1`
// execute the sql statement
res, err := db.Exec(sqlStatement, id, user.Name, user.Location, user.Age)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to execute the query. %v", err)
}
// check how many rows affected
rowsAffected, err := res.RowsAffected()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Error while checking the affected rows. %v", err)
}
fmt.Printf("Total rows/record affected %v", rowsAffected)
return rowsAffected
}
// delete user in the DB
func deleteUser(id int64) int64 {
// create the postgres db connection
db := createConnection()
// close the db connection
defer db.Close()
// create the delete sql query
sqlStatement := `DELETE FROM users WHERE userid=$1`
// execute the sql statement
res, err := db.Exec(sqlStatement, id)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Unable to execute the query. %v", err)
}
// check how many rows affected
rowsAffected, err := res.RowsAffected()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Error while checking the affected rows. %v", err)
}
fmt.Printf("Total rows/record affected %v", rowsAffected)
return rowsAffected
}
让我们分解功能:
-
createConnection
:此函数将创建与 postgreSQL 数据库的连接并返回数据库连接。
检查函数中的代码:
// use godotenv to load the .env file
err := godotenv.Load(".env")
// Read the POSTGRES_URL from the .env and connect to the db.
db, err := sql.Open("postgres", os.Getenv("POSTGRES_URL"))
在 go-postgres 中创建一个新文件 .env
:
POSTGRES_URL="Postgres connection string"
-
CreateUser
:这是可以访问 api 的请求和响应对象的处理函数。它将在用户中提取请求正文。然后,它会调用 insertUser 作为参数传递用户。 insertUser 将返回插入 id -
insertUser
:此函数将在数据库中执行插入查询。首先建立db连接。
// create the postgres db connection
db := createConnection()
// close the db connection
defer db.Close()
创建 SQL 查询:
sqlStatement := `INSERT INTO users (name, location, age) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING userid`
我们没有传递用户 ID,因为用户 ID 是 SERIAL 类型。它的范围是 1 到 2,147,483,647。
每次插入都会增加。
RETURNING userid
意味着一旦在数据库中成功插入,就返回用户 ID。
执行插入查询
var id int64
err := db.QueryRow(sqlStatement, user.Name, user.Location, user.Age).Scan(&id)
在 QueryRow 中接受 sql 查询和参数。在 sqlStatement 中,VALUES 作为变量 $1、$2、$3 传递。 user.Name 是第一个参数,因此它将替换 $1。同样,所有参数都将根据它们的位置进行替换。
使用扫描返回用户 ID 将解码为 id
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