金鱼哥RHCA回忆录:RH358配置MariaDB SQL数据库--自动化部署MariaDB
本章节介绍如何使用Ansible对MariaDB进行一系列的操作。有些场景下,可提高工作效率。
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1. Ansible部署MariaDB
使用Ansible部署MariaDB服务器和客户端遵循一个标准流程。
安装MariaDB服务器
# 使用yum Ansible模块安装mariadb-server包。mariadb-server包包含必要的客户机软件。
- name: Install mariadb-server package
yum:
name: mariadb-server
state: present
# 注意:作为一种替代方法,可以使用dnf Ansible模块来安装特定的AppStream模块的MariaDB:
- name: Use MariaDB 10.3 AppStream module
dnf:
name: '@mariadb:10.3/server'
state: present
# 使用Ansible service模块启用并启动mariadb服务。
- name: Enable and start mariadb
service:
name: mariadb
state: started
enabled: yes
# 使用Ansible firewalld模块打开MariaDB数据库服务器的端口。
- name: Firewall permits mysql service
firewalld:
service: mysql
permanent: true
state: enabled
immediate: yes
安装MariaDB客户端
使用yum Ansible模块安装mariadb包,安装客户端而不使用server。
- name: Install mariadb client package
yum:
name: mariadb
state: present
2. 使用Ansible配置安全化的MariaDB
MariaDB服务器安装时默认login_user为root,没有密码。要作为幂等策略的一部分保护根用户的帐户,您必须创建一个任务来为根用户分配密码。然后,第二个任务必须将包含根用户凭据的.my.cnf文件复制到MariaDB服务器主机上根用户的主目录。通过从文件中读取新的凭据而不重置默认根用户,剧本的后续运行将获得成功。
满足Ansible先决条件
为了让mysql_user和mysql_db Ansible模块在你的托管主机上工作,你需要确保python3-PyMySQL或python2-PyMySQL包安装在托管主机上,这取决于Ansible在该主机上使用的Python版本。
- name: Make sure mysql_user module prereqs are installed
yum:
name: python3-PyMySQL
state: present
更新MariaDB Root帐号
使用mysql_user Ansible模块从mysql数据库中添加或删除用户。在下面的剧本任务中,为MariaDB root用户帐户分配了一个密码
- name: Assign password to MariaDB root user
mysql_user:
name: root
host_all: yes
update_password: always
password: root_password
no_log: yes
第二个剧本任务使用copy Ansible模块将根用户的凭据文件files/my.cnf复制到MariaDB服务器主机上的/root/.my.cnf
- name: Authentication credentials copied to root home directory
copy:
src: files/my.cnf
dest: /root/.my.cnf
删除匿名用户帐户
使用mysql_user Ansible模块删除任何匿名用户帐户。
- name: Remove anonymous user accounts
mysql_user:
name: ''
host_all: yes
state: absent
删除测试数据库
一些较旧的MariaDB安装可能包含一个不安全的测试数据库,用于演示和实验目的。您可以使用mysql_db Ansible模块来确保从数据库服务器中删除它。
- name: Remove test database
mysql_db:
name: test
state: absent
3. 使用Ansible管理MariaDB用户
Ansible Vault用于加密用于存储用户名和密码变量的文件。这避免了在剧本中暴露明文密码。
使用Ansible Vault保护用户密码
使用加密的Ansible Vault组变量文件安全地存储用户名和密码。本例中为password.yml文件位于与目录文件中的group_name组相关联的inventory中。
[user@host ansible]$ cat inventory
[group_name]
hosta.lab.example.com
# 要创建一个Ansible Vault组变量文件:
[user@host ansible]$ ansible-vault create group_vars/group_name/password.yml
New Vault password: vault_password
Confirm New Vault password: vault_password
mysql_user_passwords:
- name: john
password: john_password
- name: steve
password: steve_password
创建和删除用户
下面的示例剧本任务引用在加密密码中创建的名称和密码变量password.yml文件。当剧本执行时,提示您输入用于创建密码的Ansible Vault密码。
- name: Create users and set password if not present
mysql_user:
name: "{{ item['name'] }}"
password: "{{ item['password'] }}"
update_password: on_create
state: present
loop: "{{ mysql_user_passwords }}"
no_log: yes
重要:updated_password: on_create设置在这里很重要,因为它只在用户不存在时更新用户的密码。否则,每次包含此任务的剧本运行都会将密码重置为其原始的初始设置。如果用户在创建帐户后更新了他们的密码,这可能是一个问题
确保用户帐户不存在,如果存在就删除它,方法是指定state:mysql_user模块的用户名为absent。
- name: User does not exist for any host
mysql_user:
name: "{{ removed_user }}"
host_all: yes
state: absent
授予和撤销权限
使用组变量文件存储用户访问权限。在本例中,users.yml文件位于与目录文件中的group_name组相关联的清单中
play的任务遍历mysqL_users:变量列表中声明的每个用户帐户,并相应地分配权限。例如,使用了用户john的变量声明在剧本的任务中分配特权相当于GRANT SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE,INSERT ON inventory.* TO john’@'localhost; MariaDB命令(将目录数据库中所有表的权限授予john@localhost)。
样本group_vars/group_name/users.yml文件:
---
mysql_users:
- name: john
host: localhost
priv: 'inventory.*:INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,SELECT'
state: present
- name: steve
host: '%'
priv: 'inventory.*:SELECT'
state: present
# 剧本的任务是:
- name: Configure users in MariaDB inventory
mysql_user:
name: "{{ item['name'] }}"
host: "{{ item['host'] }}"
priv: "{{ item['priv'] }}"
state: "{{ item['state'] }}"
loop: "{{ mysql_users }}"
# 撤销一个用户的特权,并将其还原为新用户拥有的最小权限:
- name: Ensure user only has minimal privileges, on all hosts
mysql_user:
name: "{{ revoked_user }}"
priv: "*.*:USAGE"
host_all: yes
state: present
4. 用Ansible创建和恢复备份文件
mysql_db Ansible模块用于执行创建(dump)和恢复(import)操作
创建数据库备份文件
下面的剧本任务使用mysql_db Ansible模块,将state参数设置为dump,以创建inventory数据库的备份。target参数指定要将备份文件存储在何处。
- name: Backup inventory database
mysql_db:
state: dump
name: inventory
target: /srv/inventory.dump
从备份文件恢复数据库
# 在下面的剧本中,第一个任务使用mysql_db Ansible模块来测试MariaDB中是否存在inventory数据库。结果存储在inventory_present变量中。
- name: Make sure an inventory database exists
mysql_db:
name: inventory
state: present
register: inventory_present
# 第二个任务使用stat Ansible模块来测试inventory.dump备份文件是否存。结果存储在inventory_present变量中。
- name: Is inventory database backup present?
stat:
path: /srv/inventory.dump
register: inventory_bkup
# 剧本的第三个也是最后一个任务评估inventory_present变量,以确定inventory数据库是否仍然存在(没有任何变化),以及inventory y_bkup变量结果是否表明目标inventory备份文件存在。
- name: Import inventory backup data
mysql_db:
name: inventory
state: import
target: /srv/inventory.dump
when:
- inventory_present['changed'] == false
- inventory_bkup['stat']['exists'] == true
5. 课本练习
[student@workstation ~]$ lab database-automation start
这个命令确保从servera和serverb删除MariaDB数据库服务器和客户端之前的任何安装。
1. 查看~/database-auto项目目录的结构和内容,熟悉为本练习提供的文件。
[student@workstation ~]$ cd ~/database-auto
[student@workstation database-auto]$ tree
.
├── ansible.cfg
├── configure_mariadb_security.yml
├── configure_users.yml
├── dump_inventory_db.yml
├── files
│ ├── inventory-database.sql
│ └── my.cnf
├── import_inventory_db.yml
├── install_mariadb_client.yml
├── install_mariadb_server.yml
├── inventory
├── restore_inventory_db.yml
└── solutions
├── configure_mariadb_security.yml.solution
├── configure_users.yml.solution
├── dump_inventory_db.yml.solution
├── import_inventory_db.yml.solution
├── install_mariadb_client.yml.solution
├── install_mariadb_server.yml.solution
└── restore_inventory_db.yml.solution
2 directories, 18 files
[student@workstation database-auto]$ cat ansible.cfg
[defaults]
inventory=./inventory
remote_user=devops
[privilege_escalation]
become = False
become_method = sudo
become_user = root
become_ask_pass = False
[student@workstation database-auto]$ cat inventory
[control_node]
workstation.lab.example.com
[db_servers]
servera.lab.example.com
[db_clients]
serverb.lab.example.com
2. 完成名为install_mariadb_server.yml的Ansible Playbook。
在servera上安装MariaDB服务器。配置playbook以启动和启用mariadb服务,并将mysql服务添加到防火墙中。更新MariaDB root帐号,以redhat作为密码。
[student@workstation database-auto]$ vim install_mariadb_server.yml
---
- name: Install MariaDB server
hosts: db_servers
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Install mariadb-server package
yum:
name: mariadb-server
state: present
- name: Enable and start mariadb
service:
name: mariadb
state: started
enabled: yes
- name: Firewall permits mysql service
firewalld:
service: mysql
permanent: true
state: enabled
immediate: yes
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook install_mariadb_server.yml --syntax-check
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook install_mariadb_server.yml
3. 完成名为install_mariadb_client.yml的Ansible Playbook。
在serverb安装MariaDB客户端。配置剧本以运行安装mariadb客户端包的单个任务。在客户端主机上不需要其他配置。
[student@workstation database-auto]$ vim install_mariadb_client.yml
---
- name: Install MariaDB client
hosts: db_clients
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Install mariadb client package
yum:
name: mariadb
state: present
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook install_mariadb_client.yml --syntax-check
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook install_mariadb_client.yml
4. 创建一个名为~/database-auto/group_vars/db_servers/vault.yml的加密文件。
# 存储MariaDB root用户密码的变量值。
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-vault create group_vars/db_servers/vault.yml
New Vault password: fedora
Confirm New Vault password: fedora
pw: redhat
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-vault view group_vars/db_servers/vault.yml
Vault password: fedora
pw: redhat
5. 完成名为configure_mariadb_security.yml的Ansible Playbook。
执行以下任务:
-
使用db_servers主机组将servera上的MariaDB数据库作为配置目标。
-
更新MariaDB root用户密码。
-
将身份验证凭据复制到servera上用root户的主目录。
-
删除所有匿名用户帐户。
-
如果存在test数据库,则删除它。
[student@workstation database-auto]$ vim configure_mariadb_security.yml
---
- name: Securing MariaDB
hosts: db_servers
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Assign password to MariaDB root user
mysql_user:
name: root
host_all: yes
update_password: always
password: "{{ pw }}"
- name: Authentication credentials copied to root home directory
copy:
src: files/my.cnf
dest: /root/.my.cnf
- name: Remove anonymous user accounts
mysql_user:
name: ''
host_all: yes
state: absent
- name: Remove test database
mysql_db:
name: test
state: absent
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook --syntax-check configure_mariadb_security.yml
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--vault-id @prompt configure_mariadb_security.yml
6. 完成名为restore_inventory_db.yml的Ansible Playbook。
执行以下任务:
-
使用db_servers目录组作为配置目标servera。
-
创建inventory数据库,如果不存在。
-
如果不存在inventory数据库的先前备份,则将其复制到servera。
-
从备份数据恢复inventory数据库。
[student@workstation database-auto]$ cat restore_inventory_db.yml
---
- name: Restore inventory database if not present
hosts: db_servers
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Make sure inventory database exists
mysql_db:
name: inventory
state: present
register: inventory_present
- name: Is inventory database backup present?
stat:
path: /srv/inventory-database.sql
register: inventory_bkup
- name: Copy database backup file to host if not present
copy:
src: files/inventory-database.sql
dest: /srv
when:
- inventory_present['changed'] == true
- inventory_bkup['stat']['exists'] == false
- name: Restore inventory backup data
mysql_db:
name: inventory
state: import
target: /srv/inventory-database.sql
when: inventory_present['changed'] == true
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--syntax-check restore_inventory_db.yml
playbook: restore_inventory_db.yml
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--vault-id @prompt restore_inventory_db.yml
Vault password (default): fedora
7. 完成名为dump_inventory_db.yml的剧本。
创建inventory数据库的附加备份。将备份文件存放在servera的/home/student/inventory.dump中。
[student@workstation database-auto]$ vim dump_inventory_db.yml
---
- name: Database backup
hosts: db_servers
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Backup inventory database
mysql_db:
state: dump
name: inventory
target: /home/student/inventory.dump
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--syntax-check dump_inventory_db.yml
playbook: dump_inventory_db.yml
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--vault-id @prompt dump_inventory_db.yml
Vault password (default): fedora
8. 完成名为configure_users的Ansible Playbook。
创建MariaDB用户并分配使用inventory数据库的权限。使用以下条件创建两个MariaDB用户:
[student@workstation database-auto]$ vim group_vars/db_servers/users.yml
---
mysql_users:
- name: john
host: localhost
priv: 'inventory.*:INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,SELECT'
state: present
- name: steve
host: '%'
priv: 'inventory.*:SELECT'
state: present
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-vault edit group_vars/db_servers/vault.yml
Vault password: fedora
pw: redhat
mysql_user_passwords:
- name: john
password: john_password
- name: steve
password: steve_password
[student@workstation database-auto]$ cat configure_users.yml
---
- name: Configure users in MariaDB
hosts: db_servers
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Create users and set password if not present
mysql_user:
name: "{{ item['name'] }}"
update_password: on_create
password: "{{ item['password'] }}"
state: present
loop: "{{ mysql_user_passwords }}"
- name: Configure users in MariaDB inventory
mysql_user:
name: "{{ item['name'] }}"
host: "{{ item['host'] }}"
priv: "{{ item['priv'] }}"
state: "{{ item['state'] }}"
loop: "{{ mysql_users }}"
- name: Update users with password for all host
mysql_user:
name: "{{ item['name'] }}"
host_all: yes
update_password: always
password: "{{ item['password'] }}"
state: present
loop: "{{ mysql_user_passwords }}"
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--syntax-check configure_users.yml
playbook: configure_users.yml
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--vault-id @prompt configure_users.yml
Vault password (default): fedora
9. 从servera以用户john的身份本地连接到MariaDB,并验证他对inventory数据库的特权。
[student@servera ~]$ mysql -u john -p
Enter password: john_password
MariaDB [(none)]> USE inventory;
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT * FROM category;
+----+------------+
| id | name |
+----+------------+
| 1 | Networking |
| 2 | Servers |
| 3 | Ssd |
+----+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [inventory]> INSERT INTO category(name) VALUES('Memory');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [inventory]> UPDATE category SET name='Solid State Drive' WHERE id = 3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT * FROM category;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name |
+----+-------------------+
| 1 | Networking |
| 2 | Servers |
| 3 | Solid State Drive |
| 4 | Memory |
+----+-------------------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [inventory]> DELETE FROM category WHERE name LIKE 'Memory';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT * FROM category;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name |
+----+-------------------+
| 1 | Networking |
| 2 | Servers |
| 3 | Solid State Drive |
+----+-------------------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [inventory]> exit
Bye
[student@servera ~]$ exit
logout
10. 从serverb以用户steve的身份远程连接到servera上的MariaDB,并验证他对inventory数据库的特权。
[student@serverb ~]$ mysql -u steve -h servera -p
Enter password: steve_password
MariaDB [(none)]> USE inventory;
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT * FROM category;
+----+-------------------+
| id | name |
+----+-------------------+
| 1 | Networking |
| 2 | Servers |
| 3 | Solid State Drive |
+----+-------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [inventory]> INSERT INTO category(name) VALUES('Memory');
ERROR 1142 (42000): INSERT command denied to user 'steve'@'serverb.example.com' for table 'category'
MariaDB [inventory]> exit
Bye
[student@serverb ~]$ exit
logout
11. 完成名为import_inventory_db的Ansible Playbook。
导入/home/student/inventory.dump之前创建的数据库备份。确认inventory数据库中的类别表已恢复到其原始状态。
[student@workstation database-auto]$ vim import_inventory_db.yml
---
- name: Import database
hosts: db_servers
become: yes
tasks:
- name: Make sure inventory database exists
mysql_db:
name: inventory
state: present
register: inventory_present
- name: Is inventory database backup present?
stat:
path: /home/student/inventory.dump
register: inventory_bkup
- name: Import inventory backup data
mysql_db:
name: inventory
state: import
target: /home/student/inventory.dump
when:
- inventory_present['changed'] == false
- inventory_bkup['stat']['exists'] == true
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--syntax-check import_inventory_db.yml
playbook: import_inventory_db.yml
[student@workstation database-auto]$ ansible-playbook \
--vault-id @prompt import_inventory_db.yml
Vault password (default): fedora
[student@servera ~]$ mysql -u root -p
Enter password: redhat
MariaDB [(none)]> USE inventory;
MariaDB [inventory]> SELECT * FROM category;
+----+------------+
| id | name |
+----+------------+
| 1 | Networking |
| 2 | Servers |
| 3 | Ssd |
+----+------------+
3 rows in set (0.000 sec)
MariaDB [inventory]> exit
Bye
完成实验
[student@workstation ~]$ lab database-automation finish
总结
- 介绍如何使用Ansible对MariaDB进行日常的管理和维护。
- 使用练习例子演示整个过程。
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以上就是【金鱼哥】对 第七章 配置MariaDB SQL数据库–自动化部署MariaDB 的简述和讲解。希望能对看到此文章的小伙伴有所帮助。
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