Linux消息队列及函数
消息队列就是一个消息的链表,每个消息队列都有一个队列头,用结构struct msg_queue来描述。队列头中包含了该队列的大量信息,包括消息队列的键值、用户ID、组ID、消息数目、读写进程ID等。其定义如下:
struct msg_queue
{
struct ipc_perm q_perm;
time_t q_stime; // last msgsnd time
time_t q_rtime; // last msgrcv time
time_t q_ctime; // last change time
unsigned long q_cbytes; // current number of bytes on queue
unsigned long q_qnum; // number of message in queue
unsigned long q_qbytes; // max number of bytes on queue
pid_t q_lspid; // pid of last msgsnd
pid_t q_lrpid; // last receive pid
struct list_head q_messages;
struct list_head q_receives;
struct list_head q_senders;
};
结构体msqid_ds用来设置或返回消息队列的信息,定义如下:
// 摘自所用ubuntu18.04电脑中的/usr/include/i386-linux-gnu/bits/msq.h
struct msqid_ds
{
struct ipc_perm msg_perm; /* structure describing operation permission */
__time_t msg_stime; /* time of last msgsnd command */
#ifndef __x86_64__
unsigned long int __glibc_reserved1;
#endif
__time_t msg_rtime; /* time of last msgrcv command */
#ifndef __x86_64__
unsigned long int __glibc_reserved2;
#endif
__time_t msg_ctime; /* time of last change */
#ifndef __x86_64__
unsigned long int __glibc_reserved3;
#endif
__syscall_ulong_t __msg_cbytes; /* current number of bytes on queue */
msgqnum_t msg_qnum; /* number of messages currently on queue */
msglen_t msg_qbytes; /* max number of bytes allowed on queue */
__pid_t msg_lspid; /* pid of last msgsnd() */
__pid_t msg_lrpid; /* pid of last msgrcv() */
__syscall_ulong_t __glibc_reserved4;
__syscall_ulong_t __glibc_reserved5;
};
1.1 消息队列的创建与打开
消息队列具有一个唯一的键值,或称引用标识符、消息队列的ID号,通过使用ftok()函数获取,函数原型:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
key_t ftok(char *pathname, char proj);
获取成功返回消息队列的键值,失败返回-1。
参数pathname为一任意存在的路径名,参数proj为1~255之间的任一数字,ftok根据路径名,提取文件信息,再根据这些文件信息及proj的值合成key。(注:此段参考:)。
ftok()
函数并不直接对消息队列操作,生成的键值用于msgget()函数使用,该函数用于创建或打开一个消息队列,其函数原型如下:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
运行成功则返回消息队列的引用标识符(ID),失败则返回-1。
参数key是ftok()
产生的键值,参数msgflg是一些标志位,可以取IPC_CREAT
、IPC_EXCL
、IPC_NOWAIT
或三者的逻辑或结果。
在以下两种情况下,msgget()
将创建一个新的消息队列:
-
如果没有消息队列与键值key相对应,且msgflg中包含了
IPC_CREAT
标志位 -
key参数为
IPC_PRIVATE
1.2 消息队列的读写
消息队列传递的消息由两部分组成,包括消息类型和所传的数据,用结构体struct msgbuf
表示:
struct msgbuf
{
long msgtype;
char msgtext[1024];
};
msgtype成员代表消息类型,msgtext成员为消息内容,长度不一定是1024。对于发送端,首先预置一个这样的msgbuf
缓冲区并写入消息类型和内容,然后调用相应的发送函数;对于接收端,首先分配一个msgbuf
缓冲区,然后把消息读入缓冲区即可。
1.2.1 发送数据(写)
向消息队列发送数据使用msgsnd()函数,发送的一个消息数据会被添加到队列的末尾,函数原型如下:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgsnd(int msqid, const void *prt, size_t nbytes, int flags);
运行成功返回0,失败返回-1。参数msqid为消息队列的引用标识符(ID),参数prt为void型指针,指向要发送到的消息,参数nbytes为发送的消息的字节长度,参数flag用于指定消息队列满时的处理方法。
对发送消息来说,有意义的flags标志为IPC_NOWAIT
,在消息队列没有足够的空间容纳要发送的数据时,设置了该标志,则msgsnd()
函数立刻出错返回,否则发送消息的进程被阻塞,直至消息队列有空间或队列被删除时返回。
1.2.2 接收数据(读)
从消息队列接收数据使用msgrcv()函数,函数原型如下:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgrcv(int msqid, const void *prt, size_t nbytes, long type, int flags);
运行成功返回0,失败返回-1。
参数含义与msgsnd()
函数类似,参数flag用于指定消息队列满时的处理方法,取值有3种以及3种的或结果,参数type表示接收的数据类型。
flags取值 | 含义 |
---|---|
IPC_NOWAIT | 如果没有满足条件的消息,调用立即返回,此时errno=ENOMSG |
IPC_EXCEPT | 与type>0配合使用,返回队列中第一个类型不为type的消息 |
MSG_NOERROR | 若满足条件的消息内容大于请求的nbytes,则截断该消息,截断部分丢失 |
type取值 | 含义 |
---|---|
type=0 | 接收消息队列中的第一条消息 |
type>0 | 接收消息队列中类型值等于type的第一条消息 |
type<0 | 接收消息队列中类型值小于type的绝对值的所有消息中类型值最小的那一条消息 |
2 消息队列属性设置
消息队列的信息基本都保存在消息队列头中,可分配一个类似于消息队列头的结构struct msqid_ds
来返回消息队列的属性,同样可以设置该数据结构。属性设置使用msgctl()函数,函数原型如下:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf);
运行成功返回0,失败返回-1。
函数msgctl()
将对参数msqid标识的消息队列执行参数cmd所指的命令,包括3种命令:
-
IPC_STAT
:用于获取消息队列信息,返回的信息存贮在参数buf中 -
IPC_SET
:用于设置消息队列的属性,要设置的属性存储在参数buf中 -
PC_RMID
:删除msqid
标识的消息队列
3 编程示例
消息队列编程步骤:
-
使用
ftok()
生成key -
使用
msgget()
创建/获取消息队列,返回值为队列标识符 -
发送消息
msgsnd()
/接收消息msgrcv()
-
消息队列属性与删除
msgctl()
3.1 示例1
简单使用。
发送端,msg1_snd.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
int main()
{
// generate key
key_t key = ftok(".", 100);
if(key == -1)
{
perror("ftoke failed");
exit(1);
}
printf("key = %#x\n", key);
// create message queue
int msgid = msgget(key, 0666|IPC_CREAT|IPC_EXCL);
if(msgid == -1)
{
perror("msgget failed");
exit(2);
}
// send data
msgsnd(msgid, "hello world!\n", 14, 0);
printf("use Enter to destory the message queue!\n");
getchar();
// detele message queue
if(msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, NULL) == -1)
{
perror("msgctl failed");
exit(3);
}
return 0;
}
接收端,msg1_rcv.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
int main()
{
// generate key
key_t key = ftok(".", 100);
if(key == -1)
{
perror("ftoke failed");
exit(1);
}
printf("key = %#x\n", key);
// get message queue
int msgid = msgget(key, 0);
if(msgid == -1)
{
perror("msgget failed");
exit(2);
}
// read from the message queue
char buf[100] = {};
msgrcv(msgid, buf, 100, 0, 0);
printf("read from message queue:%s\n", buf);
return 0;
}
在一个shell中运行消息队列发送程序:
$ ./msg1_snd
key = 0x641102ed
use Enter to destory the message queue!
在另一个shell中运行消息队列接收程序:
$ ./msg1_rcv
key = 0x641102ed
read from message queue:hello world!
3.2 示例2
发送带消息类型的数据。
发送端,msg2_send.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
#include <string.h>
struct _msg
{
long mtype;
char buf[256];
}msg1,msg2;
int main()
{
// generate key
key_t key = ftok(".", 100);
if(key == -1)
{
perror("ftoke failed");
exit(1);
}
printf("key = %#x\n", key);
// create message queue
int msgid = msgget(key, 0666|IPC_CREAT);
if(msgid == -1)
{
perror("msgget failed");
exit(2);
}
//send data
msg1.mtype = 2;
strcpy(msg1.buf, "hello2");
msgsnd(msgid, &msg1, sizeof(msg1.buf), 0);
msg2.mtype = 1;
strcpy(msg2.buf, "hello1");
msgsnd(msgid, &msg2, sizeof(msg2.buf), 0);
printf("use Enter to destory the message queue!\n");
getchar();
// destroy the messsage queue
if(msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, NULL) == -1)
{
perror("msgctl failed");
exit(3);
}
return 0;
}
接收端,msg2_rcv.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
#include <string.h>
struct _msg
{
long mtype;
char buf[256];
}msg1,msg2;
int main()
{
// generate key
key_t key = ftok(".", 100);
if(key == -1)
{
perror("ftoke failed");
exit(1);
}
printf("key = %#x\n", key);
// get message queue
int msgid = msgget(key, 0);
if(msgid == -1)
{
perror("msgget failed");
exit(2);
}
// read from the message queue
int res = msgrcv(msgid, &msg1, sizeof(msg1)-4, 0, 0);
while(res != 1)
{
printf("Message:%s, Type:%ld\n", msg1.buf, msg1.mtype);
res = msgrcv(msgid, &msg1, sizeof(msg1)-4, 0, 0);
}
return 0;
}
在一个shell中运行消息队列发送程序:
$ ./msg2_snd
key = 0x651102ed
use Enter to destory the message queue!
在另一个shell中运行消息队列接收程序:
$ ./msg2_rcv
key = 0x651102ed
Message:hello2, Type:2
Message:hello1, Type:1
3.3 示例3
消息队列的综合编程使用举例,msg_app.c:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void msg_stat(int, struct msqid_ds);
int main(void)
{
int gflags, sflags, rflags;
key_t key;
int msgid;
int reval;
struct msgsbuf
{
int mtype;
char mtext[10];
}msg_sbuf;// send
struct msgmbuf
{
int mtype;
char mtext[10];
}msg_rbuf;// receivr
struct msqid_ds msg_ginfo, msg_sinfo;
// create key
key = ftok(".", 30);
if(key == -1)
{
printf("ftok failed!");
return -1;
}
printf("key = %#x\n", key);
// create message queue
gflags = IPC_CREAT|IPC_EXCL;
msgid = msgget(key, 0666|gflags);
if(msgid == -1)
{
printf("msg create error\n");
return -1;
}
else
printf("msg create ok\n");
// after create the message queue, show it's property, use msg_stat 1st
printf("\n msg_stat1:");
msg_stat(msgid, msg_ginfo);
// send message
sflags = IPC_NOWAIT;
msg_sbuf.mtype = 8;
msg_sbuf.mtext[0] = 'a';
msg_sbuf.mtext[1] = 'b';
msg_sbuf.mtext[2] = 'c';
reval = msgsnd(msgid, &msg_sbuf, sizeof(msg_sbuf.mtext), sflags);
if(reval == -1)
printf("message send error\n");
else
printf("message send ok\n");
// after send a message, shoe it's property, use msg_stat 2st
printf("\n msg_stat2:");
msg_stat(msgid, msg_ginfo);
// receive message
rflags = IPC_NOWAIT|MSG_NOERROR;
reval = msgrcv(msgid, &msg_rbuf, 3, 0, rflags);
if(reval == -1)
printf("msg read error\n");// ===
else
{
printf("read from msg queue %d bytes\n", reval);
printf("type:%d, message:%s\n", msg_rbuf.mtype, msg_rbuf.mtext);
}
// use msg_stat 3st
printf("\n msg_stat3:");
msg_stat(msgid, msg_ginfo);
// change message property
msg_sinfo = msg_ginfo;
msg_sinfo.msg_perm.uid = 8; // user ID
msg_sinfo.msg_perm.gid = 8; // group ID
msg_sinfo.msg_qbytes = 16388; // queue bytes 16384->16388
reval = msgctl(msgid, IPC_SET, &msg_sinfo);
if(reval == -1)
{
printf("msg set info error\n");// ===
}
// use msg_stat 4st
printf("\n msg_stat4:");
msg_stat(msgid, msg_ginfo);
// delete the message queue
reval = msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
if(reval == -1)
{
printf("unlink msg queue error\n");
}
return 0;
}
void msg_stat(int msgid, struct msqid_ds msg_info)
{
int reval;
sleep(1);
// get message property
reval = msgctl(msgid, IPC_STAT, &msg_info);
if(reval == -1)
{
printf("get msg info error\n");
return;
}
printf("\n");
printf("current number of bytes on queue is %ld\n", msg_info.msg_cbytes);
printf("number of message in queue is %ld\n", msg_info.msg_qnum);
printf("max number of bytes on queue is %ld\n", msg_info.msg_qbytes);
//
printf("pid of last msgsnd is %d\n", msg_info.msg_lspid); // last send opera te process's ID
printf("pid of last msgrcv is %d\n", msg_info.msg_lrpid); // last receive op erate process's ID
printf("last msgsnd time is %s", ctime(&(msg_info.msg_stime))); // last send time
printf("last msgrcv time is %s", ctime(&(msg_info.msg_rtime))); // last rece ive time
printf("last change time is %s", ctime(&(msg_info.msg_ctime))); // last chan ge time
printf("msg uid is %d\n", msg_info.msg_perm.uid); // message queue user ID
printf("msg gid is %d\n", msg_info.msg_perm.gid); // message queue group ID
}
编译后执行,需要sudo权限,否则change message property 步骤会失败:
$ sudo ./msg_app
[sudo] password for deeplearning:
key = 0x1e11060e
msg create ok
msg_stat1:
current number of bytes on queue is 0
number of message in queue is 0
max number of bytes on queue is 16384
pid of last msgsnd is 0
pid of last msgrcv is 0
last msgsnd time is Thu Jan 1 08:00:00 1970
last msgrcv time is Thu Jan 1 08:00:00 1970
last change time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:41 2019
msg uid is 0
msg gid is 0
message send ok
msg_stat2:
current number of bytes on queue is 10
number of message in queue is 1
max number of bytes on queue is 16384
pid of last msgsnd is 3912
pid of last msgrcv is 0
last msgsnd time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:42 2019
last msgrcv time is Thu Jan 1 08:00:00 1970
last change time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:41 2019
msg uid is 0
msg gid is 0
read from msg queue 3 bytes
type:8, message:abc
msg_stat3:
current number of bytes on queue is 0
number of message in queue is 0
max number of bytes on queue is 16384
pid of last msgsnd is 3912
pid of last msgrcv is 3912
last msgsnd time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:42 2019
last msgrcv time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:43 2019
last change time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:41 2019
msg uid is 0
msg gid is 0
msg set ok
msg_stat4:
current number of bytes on queue is 0
number of message in queue is 0
max number of bytes on queue is 16388
pid of last msgsnd is 3912
pid of last msgrcv is 3912
last msgsnd time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:42 2019
last msgrcv time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:43 2019
last change time is Wed Nov 27 10:40:44 2019
msg uid is 8
msg gid is 8
unlink msg queue ok
程序首先生成key并创建消息队列,第1次输出消息队列的属性信息,接着发送数据,第2次输出属性信息,然后接收数据,第3次输出属性信息,再然后修改删除消息队列。
注意观察结果中的时间变化以及各种ID数值的变化。
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