Git常用命令
【摘要】 Git流行的GUI客户端：https://git-scm.com/downloads/guis
1、安装 Git
$ sudo apt-get install git
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2、配置工具
为所有本地仓库配置用户信息。 （1）设置提交代码时用的用户名
$ git config --global user.name "[name]"
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（2）设置提交代码时用的邮...
Git流行的GUI客户端：https://git-scm.com/downloads/guis
1、安装 Git
$ sudo apt-get install git
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2、配置工具
为所有本地仓库配置用户信息。
（1）设置提交代码时用的用户名
$ git config --global user.name "[name]"
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（2）设置提交代码时用的邮件地址
$ git config --global user.email "[email address]"
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（3）设置命令行输出的颜色
$ git config --global color.ui auto
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3、创建仓库，并初始化Git
第一种方式：$ git init
执行了git init初始化后，当前文件夹的文件都将置于git管理工具的管理与跟踪当中。这个命令会在当前目录下生成.git文件夹（更多关于.git文件夹的内容请参考《.git目录里的目录的作用》），如果不要git管理了，直接删除这个.git目录即可。
# 创建一个目录作为创建Git仓库的目录，方便管理
~$ mkdir MyGit
# 进入目录
~$ cd MyGit
# 核心命令，初始化仓库，执行完，就成功创建仓库了，会生成一个.git的隐藏目录
~/MyGit$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/kyun/MyGit/.git/
# 查看.git目录
~/MyGit$ ls -a
. .. .git
~/MyGit$ cd .git
~/MyGit/.git$ ls
branches config description HEAD hooks info objects refs
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所有对通过git命令添加到此文件夹中的文件的所有修改都会被跟踪到。这个文件夹你想放什么都可以。
我们再来讲一个与Android项目更密切相关的吧：
1、首先，我们在某个目录下创建一个项目
2、打开项目目录，进行Git管理初始化
~$ cd /home/kyun/Repository/MyFirstProject
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/kyun/Repository/MyFirstProject/.git/
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那么项目中通过git命令或在android studio中操作添加的文件的文件都可以被有效跟踪起来。当然上面这一步也可以在Android studio中操作，完成git的初始化：
第二种方式：$ git clone [url]
~$ git clone https://github.com/wongkyunban/ReadSMS.git
Cloning into 'ReadSMS'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 95, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (95/95), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (66/66), done.
remote: Total 95 (delta 12), reused 95 (delta 12), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (95/95), done.
~$ ls -a
. .. ReadSMS
~$ cd ReadSMS
~/ReadSMS$ ls -a
. app .git gradle gradlew .idea
.. build.gradle .gitignore gradle.properties gradlew.bat settings.gradle
~/ReadSMS$ cd .git
~/ReadSMS/.git$ ls
branches description hooks info objects refs
config HEAD index logs packed-refs
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分支
分支是Git的重要组成部分。我们所做的任何代码提交都将提交到当前我们签出的分支上。使用git status命令可以查看我们当前在哪个分支及相关的状态信息。
- 查看当前目录所在的分支：
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git status
On branch master
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- 创建分支
$ git branch [branch-name]
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举例：
# 对于刚刚创建的仓库要进行一次提交，提交前要将当前文件夹的文件加入到git管理中来
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git add .
# 提交
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git commit -m "init"
# 创建分支
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git branch MyFirstProject01
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
# 切换分支
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject01
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject01'
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git status
On branch MyFirstProject01
nothing to commit, working tree clean
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注意：创建新支时，在当前分支上去是做增量的。举个例子：
1、如果当前分支是master分支，那么在当前分支下创建分支，就会看到新分支的内容一开始时，与master分支是一样的。
2、如果当前分支是MyFirstProject01，那么在当前分支下创建分支，就会看到新分支的内容，在一开始时，与MyFirstProject01分支是一样的。
# 在当前分支MyFirstProject01下创建新分支MyFirstProject03
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git status
On branch MyFirstProject01
# 分支MyFirstProject01的内容
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew local.properties readme.txt
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat MyFirstProject.iml settings.gradle
# 创建新分支MyFirstProject03
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git branch MyFirstProject03
# 切换MyFirstProject03分支
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject03
M readme.txt
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject03'
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git status
On branch MyFirstProject03
# 可以看到MyFirstProject03初始化时是MyFirstProject01的内容，
# 以后MyFirstProject03分支就是在MyFirstProject01的基础上做增量变化
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew local.properties readme.txt
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat MyFirstProject.iml settings.gradle
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git add readme.txt
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git commit readme.txt -m "init 03"
[MyFirstProject03 6a0e145] init 03
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
# 我们切换到master分支，再创建一个新分支MyFirstProject04,这个分支将以master分支为基础，做增量变化。
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
kyun@kyun-HP-348-G3:~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew local.properties settings.gradle
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat MyFirstProject.iml
# 创建一个新分支MyFirstProject04
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git branch MyFirstProject04
# 切换到分支MyFirstProject04
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject04
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject04'
# MyFirstProject04分支的初始内容与master分支是一样的，它将以master分支为基础，做增量变化
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew local.properties settings.gradle
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat MyFirstProject.iml
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- 切换分支
$ git checkout [branch-name]
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例子如上例所示
- 合并分支
$ git merge [branch]
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这个合并功能是把其他分支合并到当前分支来，也就是说合并只对当前分支有影响。
举个例子：
# 当前已有一个分支MyFirstProject01
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git status
On branch MyFirstProject01
nothing to commit, working tree clean
# 再创建一个分支MyFirstProject02
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git branch MyFirstProject02
# 切换到分支MyFirstProject02
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject02
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject02'
# 在分支MyFirstProject02增加一个文件readme.txt
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ touch readme.txt
# 向文件readme.txt输入内容
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ echo Hello Branch MyFirstProject02 > readme.txt
# 把文件readme.txt添加入git管理
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git add readme.txt
# 提交readme.txt文件到版本库
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git commit readme.txt -m "init readme.txt"
[MyFirstProject02 b645898] init readme.txt
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 readme.txt
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew local.properties readme.txt
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat MyFirstProject.iml settings.gradle
# 切换到分支MyFirstProject01，然后把MyFirstProject02分支合并过去
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject01
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject01'
# 合并MyFirstProject02分支前
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew local.properties settings.gradle
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat MyFirstProject.iml
# 合并MyFirstProject02分支到MyFirstProject01来
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git merge MyFirstProject02
Updating 287c845..b645898
Fast-forward
readme.txt | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 readme.txt
# 合并MyFirstProject02分支后
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew local.properties readme.txt
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat MyFirstProject.iml settings.gradle
# 当前分支状态
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git status
On branch MyFirstProject01
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: readme.txt
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
# 从MyFirstProject02合并过来的文件
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ cat readme.txt
Hello Branch MyFirstProject02
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- 删除分支
$ git branch -d [branch-name]
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如：
# 查看分支列表
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git branch -l
MyFirstProject01
MyFirstProject02
* MyFirstProject03
MyFirstProject04
master
# 删除MyFirstProject04分支
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git branch -d MyFirstProject04
Deleted branch MyFirstProject04 (was 287c845).
# 查看分支列表
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git branch -l
MyFirstProject01
MyFirstProject02
* MyFirstProject03
master
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更改变化
浏览和检查当前分支的文件更改情况。
- 列出当前分支的版本历史记录
$ git log
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如：
# 切换到分支MyFirstProject01
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject01
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject01'
# 查看MyFirstProject01的版本历史记录
# 下面第一行（HEAD -> MyFirstProject01, MyFirstProject02）的意思是，当前分支是MyFirstProject01，所以头指针指向它，MyFirstProject02则与MyFirstProject01是完全一样一样的，都没有增量修改发生。
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git log
commit b6458989f39d267a4670f7d35bc863343fa3fc4d (HEAD -> MyFirstProject01, MyFirstProject02)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 09:30:26 2019 +0800 init readme.txt
commit 287c8454db0ddfacbb5c994dc9999c4f496602a4 (master)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 09:14:51 2019 +0800 init
kyun@kyun-HP-348-G3:~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ echo "Hello World" > Hello.txt
kyun@kyun-HP-348-G3:~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew Hello.txt MyFirstProject.iml settings.gradle
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat local.properties readme.txt
# 在分支MyFirstProject01做增量修改，添加一个Hello.txt文件
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git add Hello.txt
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git commit Hello.txt -m "init Hello.txt"
[MyFirstProject01 2e334d3] init Hello.txt
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 Hello.txt
# 做了增量后
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git log
commit 2e334d333de9acabd86daaa2f8c3c330aeb77007 (HEAD -> MyFirstProject01)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 11:08:20 2019 +0800 init Hello.txt
commit b6458989f39d267a4670f7d35bc863343fa3fc4d (MyFirstProject02)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 09:30:26 2019 +0800 init readme.txt
commit 287c8454db0ddfacbb5c994dc9999c4f496602a4 (master)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 09:14:51 2019 +0800 init
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- 列出文件的修改历史记录，包括修改文件名
$ git log --follow [file]
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# 切换到分支MyFirstProject01
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject01
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject01'
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew Hello.txt local.properties readme.txt
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat MyFirstProject.iml settings.gradle
# 修改文件名,要用git mv修改，否则修改不了仓库里的文件，当再次签出时，还是会被还原的。
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git mv Hello.txt Hi.txt
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git commit -m "rename"
[MyFirstProject01 1463e72] rename
1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
delete mode 100644 Hello.txt
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject02
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject02'
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git checkout MyFirstProject01
Switched to branch 'MyFirstProject01'
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ ls
app gradle gradlew Hi.txt MyFirstProject.iml settings.gradle
build.gradle gradle.properties gradlew.bat local.properties readme.txt
# 列出Hi.txt文件的修改历史记录
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git log --follow Hi.txt
commit d9cca2aba6166a4bddc2b33ec74d3f1e1b0b8d21 (HEAD -> MyFirstProject01)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 11:23:47 2019 +0800 rename file name
commit 2e334d333de9acabd86daaa2f8c3c330aeb77007 (MyFirstProject05)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 11:08:20 2019 +0800 init Hello.txt
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- 对比不同分支之间的区别
# 对比second-branch与first-branch的区别。
$ git diff [first-branch]...[second-branch]
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如：
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git diff master MyFirstProject01
diff --git a/Hi.txt b/Hi.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..557db03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Hi.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello World
diff --git a/readme.txt b/readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..372ed7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello MyFirstProject02
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git diff 还可以查看存储区域中有什么。当我们修改了文件或目录，新增了文件或目录，这些变化需要通过git add保存到staged area，即保存区域。以便稍后进行git commit 提交到仓库中。如果你想知道保存区域里有什么，可以使用以下命令：
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git diff --staged
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- 显示指定提交的内容变化和输出元数据
每一次commit都会用SHA1生成一个哈希值与之对应
$ git show [commit]
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没有指定[commit]的值，则显示最后一次提交的信息，如：
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git show
commit a25881bc458c6cb415b656090161982730f3d1fc (HEAD -> MyFirstProject01)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 14:46:47 2019 +0800 add a new file
diff --git a/Bye.txt b/Bye.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
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指定[commit]的值，则显示指定的commit的内容，如：
# 显示日志
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git log
commit a25881bc458c6cb415b656090161982730f3d1fc (HEAD -> MyFirstProject01)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 14:46:47 2019 +0800 add a new file
commit 1463e72c63ec1edc591b2aa7011d58224418d2c1
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 14:23:28 2019 +0800 rename
commit d9cca2aba6166a4bddc2b33ec74d3f1e1b0b8d21
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 11:23:47 2019 +0800 rename file name
commit 2e334d333de9acabd86daaa2f8c3c330aeb77007 (MyFirstProject05)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 11:08:20 2019 +0800 init Hello.txt
commit b6458989f39d267a4670f7d35bc863343fa3fc4d (MyFirstProject02)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 09:30:26 2019 +0800 init readme.txt
commit 287c8454db0ddfacbb5c994dc9999c4f496602a4 (master, MyProject02, MyProject01)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 09:14:51 2019 +0800 init
[3]+ Stopped git log
# 显示哈希值为b6458989f39d267a4670f7d35bc863343fa3fc4d的commit
~/Repository/MyFirstProject$ git show b6458989f39d267a4670f7d35bc863343fa3fc4d
commit b6458989f39d267a4670f7d35bc863343fa3fc4d (MyFirstProject02)
Author: wongkyunban <wongkyunban>
Date: Mon Nov 4 09:30:26 2019 +0800 init readme.txt
diff --git a/readme.txt b/readme.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..372ed7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/readme.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello MyFirstProject02
kyun@kyun-HP-348-G3:~/Repository/MyFirstProject$
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- 添加文件到版本管理器中，使其变化能被追踪到。
$ git add [file]
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例子请参考前文。这个操作会将修改缓存到保存区域（stage area），以便稍后，通过git commit一次性将它们提交，如果要把它们从保存区域撤出，可以通过以下命令进行：
$ git reset HEAD [file]
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- 提交
$ git commit -m "[descriptive message]"
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例子请参考前文
重做
- 撤消[commit]之后的所有提交，所有修改会在本地被保留，只是撤销了提交到远程仓库
$ git reset [commit]
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- 放弃所有历史记录和对指定提交的更改
git reset --hard [commit]
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同步本地仓库与GitHub上的远程仓库
- 从远程分支下载所有历史记录
$ git fetch
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- 合并远程跟踪分支到本地当前分支
$ git merge
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- 上传本地所有分支的提交到GitHub
$ git push
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- 用远程对应分支的所有新的提交更新当前本地工作分支，git pull集合了git fetch和git merge 功能。
$ git pull
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.gitgnore文件的作用
每个使用Git管理的项目都有一个叫.gitgnore的隐藏文件，它的作用是忽略指定的文件，这样Git就不会去跟踪这些文件的修改，它们也不会被提交到版本库。典型的android studio IDE的android项目的.gitgnore配置：
# Built application files
*.apk
*.ap_
*.aab
# Files for the ART/Dalvik VM
*.dex
# Java class files
*.class
# Generated files
bin/
gen/
out/
# Uncomment the following line in case you need and you don't have the release build type files in your app
# release/
# Gradle files
.gradle/
build/
# Local configuration file (sdk path, etc)
local.properties
# Proguard folder generated by Eclipse
proguard/
# Log Files
*.log
# Android Studio Navigation editor temp files
.navigation/
# Android Studio captures folder
captures/
# IntelliJ
*.iml
.idea/workspace.xml
.idea/tasks.xml
.idea/gradle.xml
.idea/assetWizardSettings.xml
.idea/dictionaries
.idea/libraries
# Android Studio 3 in .gitignore file.
.idea/caches
.idea/modules.xml
# Comment next line if keeping position of elements in Navigation Editor is relevant for you
.idea/navEditor.xml
# Keystore files
# Uncomment the following lines if you do not want to check your keystore files in.
#*.jks
#*.keystore
# External native build folder generated in Android Studio 2.2 and later
.externalNativeBuild
# Google Services (e.g. APIs or Firebase)
# google-services.json
# Freeline
freeline.py
freeline/
freeline_project_description.json
# fastlane
fastlane/report.xml
fastlane/Preview.html
fastlane/screenshots
fastlane/test_output
fastlane/readme.md
# Version control
vcs.xml
# lint
lint/intermediates/
lint/generated/
lint/outputs/
lint/tmp/
# lint/reports/
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更多信息请参考《.git目录里的目录的作用》
最后来一表对git命令进行总结：
| 命令 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| 创建一个仓库或叫创建一个工作区域 | |
| git clone | 克隆一个仓库到目录下 |
| git init | 创建一个空的Git仓库或重新初始化一个已存在的仓库 |
| 作用于当前分支的更改的 | |
| git add | 添加文件内容到索引 |
| git mv | 移动或重命名文件、目录 |
| git reset | 重置当前头指针到指定的状态 |
| git rm | 从工作目录树和索引中移除文件 |
| 历史记录 | |
| git bisect | 使用二进制搜索查找引入错误的提交 |
| git grep | 打印匹配的行 |
| git log | 显示提交日志 |
| git show | 显示多种对象类型 |
| git status | 显示工作树的状态 |
| 标记、调整 | |
| git branch | 列出、创建、删除分支 |
| git checkout | 切换分支或恢复工作树文件 |
| git commit | 记录变化 |
| git diff | 显示提交之间或工作树之间的改变 |
| git merge | 合并 |
| git tag | 创建、列出、删除或验证一个用GPG签名的标签对象 |
| 远程仓库操作 | |
| git fetch | 获取所有远程仓库的历史记录 |
| git pull | 从远程仓库拉取到本地 |
| git push | 向远程仓库提交 |
谢谢阅读
文章来源: blog.csdn.net，作者：WongKyunban，版权归原作者所有，如需转载，请联系作者。
原文链接：blog.csdn.net/weixin_40763897/article/details/102831650
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