企业Oracle数据库备份实施手记

作为企业应用的核心数据库，备份必不可少；如果单位预算多的，可以考虑直接上专业的备份软件（NetBackup、CommVault等均可），预算不多的话，也可以像我一样，通过Oracle数据库自带的RMAN工具，来实现自动备份；

以下为我司ERP系统的配置过程，以及备份策略，以此记录以备参考；

关于备份策略，因为企业ERP的备份数据量并不大，所以只定义两级策略，策略如下：

另外，根据业务人员的要求，数据库备份保留策略为14天，如下所示：

RMAN> show all;
​
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name OADB are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 14 DAYS;
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/snapcf_oadb.f'; # default
​
RMAN> 
# 注：控制文件的备份，在备份脚本内定义；

备份的自动周期性执行，则是通过Linux系统自动的Crontab服务来实现：

# 确保crond服务运行，且开机自动启动：
# systemctl start crond && systemctl enable crond
# systemctl status crond
● crond.service - Command Scheduler
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/crond.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2020-01-22 12:15:28 CST; 1 years 0 months ago
 Main PID: 1679 (crond)
   CGroup: /system.slice/crond.service
           └─1679 /usr/sbin/crond -n
​
Jan 22 12:15:28 ly-eims-web-01 systemd[1]: Started Command Scheduler.
Jan 22 12:15:28 ly-eims-web-01 crond[1679]: (CRON) INFO (RANDOM_DELAY will be scaled with factor 5% if used.)
Jan 22 12:15:28 ly-eims-web-01 crond[1679]: (CRON) INFO (running with inotify support)
​
# 以下定义全量备份为周日执行，增量备份为周一到周六执行：
# 注：crontab的定义，在oracle用户环境内配置；
$ crontab -l
0 3 * * 0 /dbbackup/ltdb/scripts/cron_full_oadb.sh
0 3 * * 1-6 /dbbackup/ltdb/scripts/cron_incr_oadb.sh
​
# 此处嵌套了一层，将备份脚本的所有输出，重定向到磁盘日志文件，以备后查：
$ more /dbbackup/ltdb/scripts/cron_full_oadb.sh
/dbbackup/ltdb/scripts/full_oadb.sh >> /dbbackup/ltdb/backuplog/full_oadb/full_oadb_`date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S`.log
​
$ more /dbbackup/ltdb/scripts/cron_incr_oadb.sh
/dbbackup/ltdb/scripts/incr_oadb.sh >> /dbbackup/ltdb/backuplog/incr_oadb/incr_oadb_`date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S`.log

以下是全量备份脚本（full_oadb.sh）内容

$ more /dbbackup/ltdb/scripts/full_oadb.sh
echo -e '******Start********_'$(date '+%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
export ORACLE_SID=oadb
export ORACLE_BASE=/oracle/app
export ORACLE_HOME=/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
rman target sys/oracle@oadb<<EOF
run{
       allocate channel c1 type disk;
       backup as compressed backupset incremental level 0 tag 'oadb_incr_L0' format
       '/dbbackup/ltdb/oadb/full_%d_%T_%s' database include current controlfile;
       backup as compressed backupset archivelog all format '/dbbackup/ltdb/oadb/arclog_0_%s_%p_%t_%d' delete input;
       crosscheck backup;
       delete noprompt expired backup;
       delete noprompt obsolete;
       crosscheck archivelog all;
       delete noprompt expired archivelog all;
       release channel c1;
}
exit;
EOF

说明：

1. 数据库的备份目录（/dbbackup/ltdb/oadb/）需要事先创建好；

2. 本次实施，备份目录/dbbackup，使用的是华为云上的 sfs 弹性文件服务挂载的目录，执行备份前，需要先挂载好 sfs文件系统，并配置好oracle用户权限；

增量备份脚本（incr_oadb.sh）内容

$ more /dbbackup/ltdb/scripts/incr_oadb.sh
echo -e '******Start********_'$(date '+%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
export ORACLE_SID=oadb
export ORACLE_BASE=/oracle/app
export ORACLE_HOME=/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
rman target sys/oracle@oadb <<EOF
run{
       allocate channel c1 type disk;
       backup as compressed backupset incremental level 1 tag 'oadb_incr_L1' format
       '/dbbackup/ltdb/oadb/incr_%d_%T_%s' database include current controlfile;
       backup as compressed backupset archivelog all format '/dbbackup/ltdb/oadb/arclog_1_%s_%p_%t_%d' delete input;
       crosscheck backup;
       delete noprompt expired backup;
       delete noprompt obsolete;
       crosscheck archivelog all;
       delete noprompt expired archivelog all;
       release channel c1;
}
exit;
EOF

如上，rman的备份操作配置完成！